Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress Term Paper

Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress - Term Paper Example Solutions for each problem are also mentioned with short implementation strategies. Conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper. Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress Introduction Due to the rapid changes in the market and industry the levels of stress at workplace are increasing every day and the staff and workers are being pushed hard to meet the targets. Stress has now become part and parcel of the life of each and every individual regardless of the profession. Constantly changing deadlines, long working hours, assignments beyond the capacity of workers are a few issues that the employees have to deal with at workplace. In addition to these most of the time the employees and staff members do not get the expected recognition and encouragement from the authorities. Some of the employees do not get the required health care options and their firms do not offer any stress management programs. Some individuals despite working very hard do not get the opportunity to grow in the organization and achieve higher positions, this adds to the stress they are carrying. The working environment is another important factor in determining the levels of workplace stress in individuals and workplace harassment is a major cause of stress in some organizations. Conflicts between colleagues are very likely to occur in a stressed working environment resulting in more stress. ... Ethics in a society depends upon the feelings of the individuals that form the society. Therefore the workplace ethics of a particular company or firm depend upon the society, the workplace environment, the cultural aspects of the region of company’s existence or the region in which the company does business and also on the organizational structure and employees’ development in a company. The Ethical Issues The various issues that can be classified as ethical issues inherent with workplace stress are: 1. Lack of encouragement and recognition 2. Insufficient health care facilities and lack of stress management programs for the employees 3. Conflicts between colleagues over work distribution and allocation 4. Harassment at workplace 5. Immoral workplace practices These issues will be discussed in detail in the following pages. Lack of Encouragement and Recognition This is the most common cause of workplace stress. It is the moral as well as professional responsibility of the employer to encourage, recognize and reward his employees for their efforts. Recognition is very important and serves as the motivational force which increases the productivity and efficiency of employees and at the same time it makes them own the company. When the employees are recognized and rewarded for their efforts through promotions, salary increments and performance certificates, a sense of growth is felt by the employees. As a result they work more enthusiastically because they start deeming the progress of company as their own progress. On the other hand if employees are not recognized and rewarded for their efforts this greatly affects their performance because when an employee gets a

The Importance Of Effective Maintenance

The Importance Of Effective Maintenance Since the maintenance has significant impacts in industry, it has received a deep attention from the expert and practical maintenance. According to study, maintenance costs can represent from 15% to 40% of the costs of goods produced [x2]. Maintenance of process equipment is one of the inescapable tasks associated with the operation of industrial plants and until relatively recently, it was implemented either on a routine basis or after the failure of equipment. Attitudes are changing and now many organisations are adopting methods for identifying incipient faults, so that maintenance can be scheduled before there has been a failure, which would lead to loss of production and spoilage of raw material. Plants and different machine centres are assembled from a wide variety of mechanical and electrical equipment, which due to their very nature are subject to wear, corrosion, erosion and other forms of degradation [1]. It is widely accepted that intelligent, sensor based manufacturing is vital to achieve a high availability level of the sophisticated manufacturing systems in conjunction with high quality levels of manufactured components. Advanced sensor design, coupled with signal processing technologies, permits improved information about the process condition enabling process optimisation and control. It is not adequate to have information relating solely to the tool condition. Additional capabilities such as in process quality control and machine tool diagnostics are a requirement of the future, i.e. a shift from monitoring the tool condition to monitoring the process condition and the resulting part quality. [2] The use of mechanical vibration and acoustic emission signals for fault diagnosis in rotating machinery has grown significantly due to advances in the progress of digital signal processing algorithms and implementation techniques. The conventional diagnosis technology using acoustic an d vibration signals already exists in the form of techniques applying the time and frequency domain of signals, and analysing the difference of signals in the spectrum. Unfortunately, in some applications the performance is limited, such as when the signals caused by a damaged element are buried in background noise. [x3] In recent years, the possibility of obtaining more detailed information regarding the operation of process equipment by applying signal analysis techniques to conventional process measurements has, hitherto, been largely overlooked. This is because the principal purpose of the majority of process measurement systems is to provide a smooth signal for process control purposes. Therefore most process measurement systems are designed to produce a steady output signal, which is achieved by restricting the frequency response of the measurement system and thereby suppressing the noise component. [1] Signal transients are generally characterised by a short duration in time as compared to the observation interval. Research has shown that very important measurement information is often associated with the transients [1,2]. For example the vibration signals generated on a gearbox, the transients usually correspond to the local fault of the gear teeth, such as deformation, breakage and fracture. Thus analysing the transients of gearbox vibrations is useful for representing the characteristics of the gearbox health. However, it is not an easy task because the vibration measurements often carry heavy noise in the working environment, which could bury the essential vibration information of gears. Therefore, it is important and necessary to detect the transients with the machine health information in the very low signal-to-noise ratio conditions [3,4]. 1.2. Previous Work: This section contains information about the previous work that has been carried out with regards to condition monitoring and signal processing techniques. It also provides an outline of the different modern signal processing techniques used by researchers to identify faults with various machine components. 1.2.1 Machine tool A machine management system was developed at Cardiff University as a part of the MIRAM project (Machine Management for Increasing Reliability, Availability and Maintainability) that provides rapid fault diagnosis and allows the implementation of a predictive maintenance strategy [4]. This was used to extract data from the machine components by the sensors attached to it. The data processing methods implemented in the system allowed the characterization of normal and faulty behaviour of the machine component under investigation. An analysis has demonstrated the application of vibration monitoring using signal processing techniques such as Skewness, Standard deviation, RMS (Root Mean Square) and Kurtosis on the spindle system of machine tools. The results obtained from a signal after implementing kurtosis as a signal processing technique show a relatively high kurtosis value compared to other signals, which indicates a fault, associated with the spindle system. This analysis also describes the variations in the transients obtained from the coolant system of the machine tool. [5] Water treatment plant The research work conducted by a PhD student on the WRAP (Water Resources and Action Programme) test rig set-up at Cardiff University focuses on analysing the flow, pressure and pump speed request characteristics with respect to blockages induced on different valves. This analysis also studies the performance of the plant in relation to any leakages occurring in the system. Another analysis, which studies the performance of the same water filtration plant considers inducing 25 %, 50%, 75 % and 100 % blockages on the valves pre and post the pump. A fault dictionary created using a mathematical model approach was used to differentiate between the pre and post pump blockages and their degree of severities. [6] Use of modern signal processing techniques A review of modern signal processing techniques applicable to the analysis of signals whose frequency content is non-stationary has been studied in (R. Burnett, J.F. Watson*, S. Elder) [7]. Techniques like FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), STFT (Short-Time Fourier Transform) and Spectrogram have been discussed and compared using both test and actual data. Results are presented which identify the technique most appropriate for the task of fault detection in machine components under transient conditions [7]. A continuous wavelet transform (CWT) technique used for fault signal diagnosis in an internal combustion engine and its coolant system by using vibration signals has been studied by Wu Chen (2005) [8]. The advantages of using this technique for the characterization of transitory features of non-stationary signals have also been identified. Another journal contains a detailed study of the raw data obtained from physical machine parameters. It reviews the implementation of various modern signal processing and analysis techniques in time and frequency domain. Analysing signals in time domain for an initial analysis does not necessarily provide meaningful information due to background noise but transforming the signals into frequency domain provides detailed information. Further analysis shows how the vibration harmonics are linked to the identification of different types of machine faults. The harmonics within the signal categorising a component as faulty can be compared with the amplitude of those corresponding to components in a healthy condition to identify machines condition. [9] Aims of the project: The aims of the project are enumerated below: Study the characteristics and relevance of different modern signal processing techniques for the task of early fault detection in industrial machine components. Apply these modern signal processing techniques using Matlab to an archive of machine tool and water treatment plant signals obtained from the data acquisition system (DAS) and from a knowledge transfer program (KTP). Analyse these Matlab processed signals and identify the characteristics of the signal indicating a normal or faulty behaviour of the component under analysis. Chapter 2: Applications / Systems under study Wadkin V4-6 FMC: The Wadkin vertical machining centre was designed as a flexible manufacturing cell to perform operations on small to medium sized components. It comprises a fixed base, a single column, three axes of movements, an automatic tool changer, eight pallet loading stations and pallet transporter. Figure 2 shows a schematic of the machine tool centre. The Y-axis of the machine is formed by 4 hardened and ground steel slide-ways, which are fixed to the cast iron base of the machine. A table, which slides on low-friction strips can be moved to the left or right to form the X axis, by a motor. The Z-axis of the machine is formed by a cast iron column, which is bolted to the rear and upper surface of the base. This axis is moved and controlled in the same way as the X and Y axes. The head of the machine comprises the tool spindle, which is driven via a pair of pulleys, a belt and an electric motor. A tacho-generator attached to the motor is used to control the spindle speed. An encoder driven by a belt around the spindle is used to control the spindle position and orientation. Inside the spindle is a draw-bar with a spring (a stack of Belleville washers), which holds a tool in the spindle. A tool can be ejected from the spindle by activating a hydraulic cylinder above the spindle. This machining centre also consists of a tool transfer system and a 150 tool store is located to the right of the machine cell. The tool comprises 5 disks, attached to a vertical shaft, from which 30 tools can be hung. This shaft can be indexed to present a tool on each of the disk to the tool and horizontally between the spindle and the disks. On this mechanism is a pair of grippers, which holds a tool when being transport between the tool store and the spindle. [11] 2.1.1 Wadkin V4-6 Coolant system: Coolant systems are used in various application to pump liquids to cool and lubricate work pieces and cutting tools. The main objectives of the coolant system used for this application were to:- Prevent tool, work piece and machine components over heating. Increase tool life by reducing cutting forces. Improve surface finish Help clear swarf from the cutting area The cutter coolant system as shown in the schematic diagram Figure 1, comprises of two reservoirs each having a capacity of 39 litres located at either side of the machine base. The motor driven pump is controlled by means of a switch on the pendant control panel and can be switched off if coolant is not required for particular operations. The coolant pump motor on this machine cannot be switched on or off by means of programmed commands. Coolant is pumped via solenoid operated valves and a manually operated flow control/shut-off valve to the coolant outlets at the spindle nose. With the coolant pump motor running, coolant is turned on or off by SOV12 (flood coolant) and SOV51 (inducer coolant) which are energised or de-energised by programmed demands. Coolant flow is manually regulated by means of the flow control/shut-off tap located on the machine guard. Used cutter coolant drains back to the reservoirs where wire-mesh strainers prevent the ingress of large particles of swarf. A replaceable wire gauze filter is fitted to the pump inlet. The electrical system required to operate the pump motor and the two solenoids operated flow control valves comprises of three relays activated by command from the controller. These connect the flow control valve solenoids to the 110V AC supply and the pump motor to the 415V AC three phase supply. 2.1.2 Coolant systems component specifications: Table 1: Wadkin V4/6 Coolant systems component specifications Label as on diagram Component Description 1 Reservoir 2 tanks each of 39 litres capacity. Grating prevents ingress of large swarf 2 Filter Wire gauze filter attached to pump inlet 3 Pump / Motor Graham Precision pump, CPP 76. 3 phase AC motor, 2900 rpm, 1.1kw. Pump single stage peripheral impeller type. Maximum flow rate 11.6 lit/min. 4 Pressure relief valve Mechanical operated set at 4.8*10^5 N/m^2 5 Manual shut-off tap Manual tap 6 Flow control valves Solenoid operated Reason for analysing coolant pump signals: A large amount of data obtained from the Wadkin machine tool has already been grouped and processed into various charts and histograms for the ease of the analysis in previous research. The aim was to facilitate the research into machine tool condition monitoring system. Among the 160 recorded failures between a certain period of time, 84% fall within 18 pre-classified machine locations. Among these recorded failures coolant system being one of the 18 locations, ranks no. 3 in the failure frequency by machine location histogram [10]. Therefore applying modern signal processing techniques to these particular signals was considered to be a good approach to identify any faults within the component. Device(s) for acquiring signals: The raw data extracted from the coolant system were the pressure and flow signals. These signals were acquired by using flow and pressure transducers connected to the system and a data acquisition system was used to store these signals in a database for further analysis. The Kobold flow meters and switches types VKM have a spring-loaded float, which slides within a cylindrical measuring tube and has an integral orifice. This type of flow meter is a low cost flow meter and switch, which fully compensates for viscosity and to large extent for density even with very low flows. Wadkin V4/6 Spindle system: He hardened steel spindle is supported in the head casting by two pairs of pre-loaded angular contact bearings. The spindle is driven by a D.C. electric motor via fixed pulleys and a wide poly-vee belt, and has a speed range of 40-5000 rev / min. Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram of the spindle drive system. The analyses and modelling of this is very similar to the feed drive mechanism, however it does not include any linear movement and is subjected to a distributing torque proportional to cutting force components. [12] The spindle, which is fastened into the head of the machine tool, is shown in figure 9.1. It has two bearings at both the top and bottom of the shaft, together with seals to retain the grease either side of each set of bearings. On the top of the spindle is a pulley, which is driven via poly-vee belt ad a pulley attached to the spindle motor, which is shown in figure 9.2. To measure the speed of the spindle and its orientation at low speeds, an incremental encoder is positioned towards the side of the spindle. This is driven from a pulley fixed to the spindle, toothed belt and a pulley attached to the encoder as shown in figure 9.3. In figure 9.4 and exploded view of the drawbar, which is fitted into the spindle, is shown. It uses a stack of Billeville washers, which are used to draw a tool into the spindles taper. Reason for analysing spindle vibration signals: The bearings in the spindle system can fail fue to overload, misalignment, insufficient lubrication and assembly defects. Condition monitoring of these bearing is therefore very critical to the machining process. Spindle systems component specification: Device(s) for acquiring signals: The vibrations from main spindle bearings were measured by using two accelerometers mounted on the head of the machine tool as shown in figure 4. Two ENDEVCO model 5216-100 series piezoelectric accelerometers were used, which are designed specifically for vibration measurement in rugged environments of industrial machinery. These type of accelerometers have very wide dynamic range and an extremely low noise floor. [12] Data Acquisition System (DAS): A flexible and generically applicable data acquisition system has been developed at Cardiff University for the machine tool condition monitoring. This system can be viewed as a data logger associated to one or more sensors. Its flexibility allows the addition of any data logging software, hardware or sensor(s) to be linked for the analysis of different machine components when required. The DAS is controlled by a relational database management system (DBMS). The DMBS provides a user interface to specify the details of the condition monitoring tests to be performed [13]. 2.2 Water treatment plant (WRAP rig): 2.2.1 Background: The WRAP (Water and Resources Action Program) rig is a test rig set-up at Cardiff University used for research purposes. It is housed in a small container for it to be transported easily to plants or sites for demonstration purposes. The rig is designed to allow a direct performance comparison between two different types of filtration media. This rig was specifically used to demonstrate the performance of Recycled Glass Media (RGM) compared to the conventional filtration media such as sand. In previous research this rig has been used to process wash down water from a dairy production line while its sister rigs were used for different applications such as the removal of bio fouling and other wastes. The figure below shows the WRAP rig along with the individual constituents that make up the rig. Functionality of the rig: This explanation of the rig is based on the detailed piping and instrumentation diagram of the rig shown in figure x. The rig consists of four 6-staged impeller centrifugal pumps P1, P2, P3 and P4 as indicated in the diagram with P1 being disconnected as there was no external open reservoir in operation. Pumps P2 and P3 transfer unprocessed liquor to filters F1 and F2 from tank T1. This relationship / process can be altered using valves V8, V9 and V10 for operational flexibility if required. The two pneumatically actuated diaphragm valves V5A and V5B, which are controlled by the programmable logic controller (PLC) enables the flow to be selected from either the unprocessed effluent stream entering F1 or F2. The PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) loop also maintains the flow rate into each filter at a pre-programmed set point. The flow transmitters FT1 and FT2 were controlled to provide a 0-10V output to the invertors, which controlled pumps P2 and P3. This was achieved via the PID loop algorithm in the PLC. The analysis of this report only studies a small part of the WRAP rig, which is shown in figure x below. Two Cylon UC32.24 PLCs networked using a proprietary serial protocol controlled the system. These in turn were networked to a communications module, which contained a GSM modem and features two RS232 ports for connection to external devices. Chemwatch, Cylons proprietary SCADA system was used for three original operation of the rig. The system was configured to display two process mimic screens that showed real time values of the various sensor readings. A number of alarm and control screens were also present allowing a privileged operator to alter alarm thresholds, control parameters and manually override system components such as pumps. WRAP rig system components: Pump P3: Data acquisition system (KTP) Ball valves Flow transmitters

Music Censorship Essays -- essays research papers

Censor This   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why is it that when a person that listens to music that may promote violence and contains â€Å"objectionable† lyrics does a bad thing, families are quick to point out that it was external materials such as the music that influenced the person to do it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the controversy over music censorship. Music censorship is the attempt or action taken by any agency to limit or hold back anything in music that a community may find offensive to its beliefs or values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Musicians are artists, and often their music reflects the life that they are exposed to. I have to hear about a painting or sculpture being censored because it may seem objectionable. Under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, it reads as follows: â€Å"Congress shall make no law representing an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and petition the government for a redress of grievances.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In other words, the First Amendment states that it is illegal for the Government to censor an artist. The First Amendment doesn’t apply to censorship by record companies, community groups, or radio stations - that’s why censorship still exists. The Amendment protects a musician’s ability to freely express their views on people and the world around us. When censors ...

Breaking Bad Essay

Breaking bad is an American drama series produced and created by Vince Gilligan The series premiered on January the 20th 2008. Airing on AMC in the us and Canada The show is currently in its 5th and last season, the 2nd half of the show is aired the summer of 2013. The series is about Walter white he is a chemistry teacher, Walter White, is diagnosed with Stage III cancer and given only two years to live, he decides he has nothing to lose. He lives with his wife and teenage son, who has cerebral palsy, in New Mexico. Determined to ensure that his family will have a secure future, White embarks on a career of drugs and crime. He proves to be remarkably proficient in this new world as he begins manufacturing and selling methamphetamine with one of his former students. The series tracks the impacts of a fatal diagnosis on a regular hard working man and explores how a fatal diagnosis affects his morality and transforms him into a major player of the drug trade Walter white evolves over the seasons from a naà ¯ve chemisty teacher to the mastermind behind a large scale drug operation. Reception Breaking Bad has received widespread critical acclaim and has been praised by some critics as the greatest television drama of all time. It scored a 99/100 on its last season on metaoritic. Metacritic is a review site that combines all the available reviews out there. Awards The seriers has won numerous awards and nominations. Including 7 emmy awards. The actor of walter white, bryan Cranston has won the outstanding lead actor awards for 3 consecutive years. In total the show has won 35 industry awards and been nominated for 117

Memo and Notice of Meeting Example Essay

Please be reminded that prompt and efficient service is the key to a successful business. The clients you serve are the business’ future and maintaining a good relationship with them is very important. A good relationship with clients can only be maintained through Prompt and Efficient Service. Delivering, collecting and repairing machines promptly is vital to the survival of a company. Therefore, you are reminded to act promptly. It is also important that there be proper communication with clients if there is a problem. We almost lost a client as a result of improper behaviour. TES VOLUNTARY CARERS ASSOCIATION NOTICE OF MEETING The TES Voluntary Carers Association, Manchester Division, Monthly meeting will be held on Tuesday, March 27 2011 at 9:00 am in Room 803 on the 3rd floor of the Technical Ed. Building St Hews College, 252 Manchester Road Mandeville AGENDA 1Call to Order 2Invocation 3Welcome/ Apologies 4Minutes of last Meeting 5Matter arising from Minutes 6Correspondence 7Reports (a)Director of Social and inter clubbing (b)Treasurer’s report 8New Business 9Any Other Business 10Date of next Meeting 11Adjournment extra words The field slaves had the most difficult time among the different slaves. They had to work longer than any other kind of slave. They usually worked from sunrise to sunset in comparison to the house slaves who only worked a few hours. House slaves were treated far better than the field slaves as some were treated like the slave-owner’s children. The House slaves were kept clean, well dressed, and were allowed to speak much more often because they served the food to the owners and their guests. In fact the house slaves were allowed to eat in the house, not at the table but usually in a back room. As for the FS, they usually ate out in the barn with the animals and were only fed enough to keep them strong enough to work. Field slaves were often whipped, sometimes for without a reason. Their jobs included hoeing, harvesting, ploughing, mowing etc. However, all the slaves whether domestic, factory or field had some things in common in terms of their lifestyle. Most of the slaves were illiterate and the masters did what they could to keep them this way for various reasons. Slaves were allocated a region of the plantation for their living quarters. Slaves houses were usually wooden shacks with dirt floors, but sometimes houses were made of boards nailed up with cracks stuffed with rags. The beds were collected pieces of straw or grass, and old rags, and only one blanket for a covering. A single room could have up to a dozen people-men, women, and children. Another similarity they shared was that they all had a master who they had to obey. They would be punished for murder, robbery, arson or assault upon a white person. Slaves could be killed for murder, burglary, arson, and assault upon a white person. Plantation owners believed that this severe discipline would make the slaves too scared to rebel. Slaves were also whipped.

Michaelangelo essays

Michaelangelo essays I was born on March 6th, 1475, in Caprese, a village where my father was briefly a Florentine government agent. I came from a family of higher rank than most other artists during my time. My father was a banker, however he was too genteel for trade and instead of being aggressive, he made a living from his land and a few appointments. My mother died when I was six so my memory of her is very weak. After grammar school I was taught by Domenico Ghirlandaio, one of the best painters in Florence. My work was known for the simple, solid forms and proportions of figures, which some say, added intensity to their violent interaction. My artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in its natural state. I was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create a monumental tomb for him. (We currently have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five revisions.) The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life-representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level was to have an image of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. I had hardly begun work on the popes tomb when Julius commanded me to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eigh t triangular spaces on the outer border and nine central panels, all bound together with architectural motifs and nude male figures. The corner triangles depict heroic action in the Old Testament, while the other eight triangles depict the biblical ancestors of Jesus Christ. I conceived and execu ...

How to Write an Illustration Essay

How to Write an Illustration Essay How to Write an Illustration Essay Writing an illustration essay is easier than you think. The main idea behind a good illustration essay is to prove your thesis with the help of various examples. Sometimes an illustration essay is also referred to as explaining or expository essay. In fact, every type of essay needs good proving points and examples, so most probably you have already written an illustration essay without even realizing it. Proving your point through various examples is not difficult if you have chosen your thesis correctly and made proper research to find the right points and examples to make it sound trustworthy and reliable. There are of course some useful tips on how to write an illustration essay which we are going to examine in details below. An illustration essay consists of introduction, body and conclusion. The first step in writing an illustration essay, however, is to define your thesis. The most important thing in your thesis is your capability of defending it. Therefore, once again, you have to research your thesis extremely well in order to pick the right examples to illustrate and defend it. Introduction of an illustration essay The introduction of an illustration essay is the first or the so-called introductory paragraph. The purpose of the introduction is to present to the audience the subject you are going to illustrate. It is useful to give a general overview of your thesis and also point briefly why other people have different opinion from yours. But be careful when doing that because you have to be sure you can defend your thesis better than they can defend theirs. For example, you have decided to write an illustration essay on cell phones and how they affect our daily life. First, you have to decide whether you are going to defend the thesis about how useful really are the cell phones or how cell phones have altered our communication in general, or any other variation of the topic which you find interesting and believe you can illustrate. It is important to find a thesis which reflects your point of view and you can adapt. So let’s say you have decided to write on how mobile phones have altered our way of daily communication. You have to find some key points to prove that the usage of cell phones has really changed the way we communicate. First, you may say that texting has replaced the traditional phone call; second, it allows to be closer to a larger number of friends and acquaintances than before; and third, that cell phones help you in your studies or business since you can check not only your email account all the time, but you can also observe your business or studies from distance. You can also state that some people claim that we spend too much time on our phones neglecting our real lives as a negative effect. Main body of an illustration essay Before starting to write the main body of your illustration essay, it will be good if you outline it first. After you have finished your initial research on the thesis, systematize by priority the examples you have found that illustrate your thesis in the best possible way. Afterwards, you proceed with writing a paragraph for each of the examples you have picked which illustrates your thesis. Every example has to be examined and defended in details. The purpose of the main body of an essay is to convince the audience of your thesis so here you have to use precise information and convincing language. Sometimes in an illustrative essay you can tell a personal story and use it as an example to prove your thesis. For instance, you can say that your cell phone and its calendar saved you from forgetting a deadline for an important paper or helped you prepare for an exam. The personal story of course has to be trustworthy and something the audience can relate to. You must have at least thre e examples to illustrate your thesis or at least three paragraphs in the main body of your illustration essay. Conclusion of an illustration essay The purpose of the conclusion is to restate your thesis for one last time. You can also highlight the examples that illustrate your thesis in the best possible way. Make the audience lean to your thesis for one final time in the conclusion of the essay. Always proofread your essay and make sure it’s free from grammar and punctuation mistakes.

Amy Archer-Gilligan and Her Murder Factory

Amy Archer-Gilligan and Her Murder Factory Amy Archer-Gilligan (1901-1928) called Sister Amy by her patients, was known for her nurturing tonics and nutritional meals at her private nursing home in Windsor, Connecticut. That was until it was discovered that she had added arsenic to her recipe, resulting in the deaths of many of her patients and five husbands, all of whom had named her in their wills right before their untimely deaths. By the time the investigation was over, authorities believed that Amy Archer-Gilligan was responsible for more than 48 deaths. Sister Amys Nursing Home for the Elderly: In 1901, Amy and James Archer opened Sister Amys Nursing Home for the Elderly in Newington, Connecticut. Despite not having any real qualifications for taking care of the elderly, the couples nurturing and caring ways impressed their wealthy patrons.   The Archers had a simple business plan. Patrons would pay a thousand dollars upfront in exchange for a room in the home and Sister Amys personal care for the rest of their lives.  The home was such a success that in 1907 the couple opened Archer Home for the Elderly and Infirm, a new and more modern facility in Windsor, Connecticut. James Archer After the move, things began to take a turn for the worse. Healthy patients began to die without any recognizable cause other than possible old age. James Archer also died suddenly and the heart-broken Amy lifted her chin, dried her tears and headed to claim the insurance money on a life policy she had purchased on her husband in the weeks before his death. Michael Gilligan After James death, patients at the Archer Home began dying at an almost predictable rate, but the coroner, a close friend of the deceased James and his wife Amy, determined the deaths were due to natural causes of old age. Amy, in the meantime, met and married Michael Gilligan, a rich widower, who offered to help bankroll the Archer Home. Not long after the two wed, Gilligan also died suddenly from what coroner described as natural causes. However, before his death he did manage to have a will drawn, leaving all of his wealth to his precious wife, Amy. Suspicious Activity Relatives of the patients who died at the home began to suspect foul play after each discovered their loving parents, adored brothers, and cherished sisters, had forked over large sums of money to Sister Amy, right before their untimely deaths. Authorities were alerted and seeing the pattern of over 40 patients giving money, then dying, they raided the home and found bottles of arsenic tucked away in Amys pantry. The Dead Talk: Amy said she used the poison to kill rodents, but unconvinced, the police exhumed the bodies of several of the patients and discovered large amounts of arsenic in their systems, including that of her last husband, Michael Gilligan. Natural Causes: In 1916, Amy Archer-Gilligan, who was her mid-40s, was arrested and based on the decision by the states attorney, she was charged with a single murder. She was found guilty and sentenced to hang, but due to a legal technicality, her sentence was reversed. In the second trial, Gilligan pleaded guilty to second-degree murder, only this time instead of facing the noose of rope, she was given a life sentence.   For years she was incarcerated at the state prison  until she was moved to a state mental institution in 1928, where, totally insane, she died of natural causes. Was Amy Archer-GilliganReallyInnocent? Some people believe that the evidence against Army was circumstantial and that she was innocent, and that the arsenic she had on hand was really for killing the rats.  As for the arsenic found in the bodies that were exhumed, it could have been due to the fact that from the Civil War until the early 1900s, arsenic was often used during the embalming process.

Intercultural Communication Guide for Foreigners Assignment

Intercultural Communication Guide for Foreigners - Assignment Example This brochure therefore seeks to help you with a guide to intercultural communication so that you may know the American peoples cultural values and norms, the language, negotiation styles, business etiquette and so much more. This brochure will play a key role in preventing miscommunication and misunderstanding during business meetings for you doing business in our country. Cultural values and norms The American people primarily have a western culture through they are also influenced by Asia, African, Native American and Latin American cultures. You should be aware that the U.S is a big and diverse nation that has numerous regions and subcultures accounting for a wide range of cultural norms (Inone, 2007) When it comes to an issue like time, you must be aware that in the US efficiency is considered a virtue. Therefore Americans are usually impatient when things are moving slowly especially when conducting business and more so they expect efficient and rapid service. To many Americans if not all time is money and so it should be saved, valued and used wisely (Yale University, 2012). In addition to this, Americans put a lot of value on punctuality and so if one is unable to reach on time at the business meeting they should call in advance to alert the others that he or she will be late. Reason being, latecomers especially in professional appointments usually risk being turned away. Directness/ Openness You should also be aware that Americans are raised in a manner that they are always open and direct. This may conflict with other cultures that do not like direct confrontation or are reserved (Yale University, 2012). Many Americans may state that one is hiding something if the individual is not honest or open. In the American culture being direct translates to trustworthiness. Nevertheless, there are some areas that Americans are not extremely comfortable being open and that is why, they use constructive criticism. This means that an individual is giving another c onstructive criticism in a manner that will not hurt their feelings or will come out as offensive. Americans use facial expressions when they do not want to speak openly; they will also communicate using gestures or even body position (Yale University, 2012). Competition/Achievement You should note that to be referred to as a high achiever in America is regarded as a compliment as Americans are known to be highly competitive (Yale University, 2012). You are therefore expected to work hard in business so that you may achieve high earnings and rise in social class. Americans usually have a busy schedule as they value action and they have a saying which goes work is a virtue and idleness is a sin. Foreigners are therefore expected to fit in to the busy schedule especially when conducting business as proper usage of time is vital to successful business (Yale University, 2012). Business Etiquette Business etiquette is extremely imperative in whatever part of the world one is in; reason b eing, it can play a huge role in determining the success or failure of a business (Internationabusinesscenter.org. 2012). As a foreigner therefore, doing business here in the US, there is certain business etiquette that is expected. For instance when attending a business meeting, business suits and ties are considered appropriate; for meetings that are formal, men are expected to wear white shirts while women should wear a dress with a jacket or a suit. When it comes to business conversations they can as well occur during meals and business meetings can be arranged as luncheon, breakfast or dinner meetings usually depending on necessity and time schedules

Microeconocs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconocs - Essay Example This "supply schedule" is usually represented by relationship between market price and amount of goods produced. On the other side, "demand is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time" (Clasquin 24). This schedule represents the amount of goods that consumers are willing to purchase at different prices as long as everything else remains the same. While there are numberless different markets that vary from country to country, there are a few producers that find a demand throughout the world. One of these is the demand for oil, with almost all machines depending on the energy it provides. The production and consumption of oil makes for a perfect example of how supply and demand works. One of the largest and most well known oil producers is The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). This organization ties together the biggest oil producing countries in the world including: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. "OPEC's influence on the market has been widely criticized. Several members of OPEC alarmed the world and triggered high inflation across both the developing and developed world when they used oil embargoes in the 1973s" (Clasquin 24). OPEC has weathered the ups and downs of supply and demand like no other producer has because the demand for oil in today's fluctuating market is constantly changing. With the worldwide economic crisis currently taking over many parts of the world, the demand for oil has been significantly reduced. "For years, the world's oil surplus was negligible. This year, OPEC's spare capacity is expected to surge to around four million barrels a day, according to the U.S. Energy Department. In 2009, global oil demand will fall by 800,000 barrels a day -- the sharpest retreat since the recession of the early 1980s, the Energy Department predicts" (King A.6). This sharp decline in demand can be directly linked to the pocketbooks of everyday citizens. A massive amount of the demand OPEC sees comes from everyday citizens needing oil to power their cars. Many of these citizens are losing jobs and feeling the crunch due to economic stress. They have less spending money and are sticking only to necessities. In this case, less spending money means less demand. For example, citizens have less money to spend on leisure activities which almost always require some kind of transportation to and from. It seems that people are driving only to and from work, sticking to their homes and surrounding neighborhoods in their time off. People can't afford to take vacations, depleting the demand of oil needed to operate airplanes, and an allover tightening of pocketbooks is restricting the amount of work needed to be done by the machinery using oil as a power fuel. Therefore, with all of these factors facing OPEC, they have "announced that the group's largest supply cut, --2.2 million barrels a day - after pledging to cut two million barrels a day in the autumn, when the slowdown began to take hold" (King A.6). Global economic stress has stalled OPEC actions along with signs ofa weakening energy demand. At the end of 2008 reports of crude oil stocks rising in cost and falling retail sales in the U.S. were driving oil prices down.

Race and education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Race and education - Essay Example er hand, there are a number of things for identification in the discovery of some of the impacts of British imperialism on the educational systems of the region, as well as the impact of the education systems on its colonies and dominions. A puzzling discovery of the education system in Britain is the fact that there is a considerable absence of a broad historiography on the school curriculum in Britain during the late imperial period. This possibility considers the concerns of the British experiences prior to the year 1945, given that there is a strong emphasis on the presence of cultural assimilation as well as migration into the country. This emphasis is evident in some of the writings on the history of Europe from the early imperial period to the mid-twentieth century. However, a historical consideration of childhood education is achievable through looking into the education systems in the colonial settings, which provides some assistance in the questioning of the pedagogy as well as issues concerning imperialism. On the other hand, there are considerations that the British public schools were responsible for training some of the future imperialists during this period since a number of the students in the Victoria n public schools later served as official in the government and in the British Empire. When looking at the education systems present during the imperial period, questions do not only arise on issues concerning power or imperialism, but there are questions that arise on the influence the schools curricula had on the negative influence of race. The main characteristic of the schools in Britain, whether it was amongst the poor population or the heathen in some of its colonies was the creation of an ordered environment (Barber, 1994 138). The perception at the time was that schools were avenues for creating an orderly and educable child, despite the fact that they might have been experiencing some form of disorder in their homes. The quest that the

Entry Plan into International Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entry Plan into International Market - Essay Example This has contributed significantly to the high levels of customer satisfaction, leading to customer loyalty. The company continues to maintain customers through ensuring similar levels in product quality, hence assuring customers of quality in Zara products. High-quality products have in turn brought high sales placing the company in the global market leadership position. The company presents unique products to its customers through the development of fashion designed based on the market demands. The organisation is drawn in the manufacture of different apparel products trading in different names. The company owns brands like    Pull and Bear,  Massimo Dutti,  and Uterqà ¼e among several others. The company offers clothing for all sexes, subdivided into different categories. The different categories available for Zara’s are upper and lower garments, which represent the parts of the body, shoes, cosmetics and complements. There is a division within the company that provides children clothing of various types and is named Zara kids The company remains one of the global leaders in the apparel industry because of the efficiency with which it delivers products into the market. The company is the principal retailer in the apparel industry globally and has 5527 retailing outlets in 82 different countries. The customer profile for the company consists of largely women with 65% of the market, with men and children holding 25% and 15% respectively, of the company’s global market. The company has created a market for itself in the global arena through affordability and differentiation of the products delivered into the market (Sharp & Dawes, 2001). The company makes products for high-end individuals and has continuously avoided the common industry trend of taking fashion to the low-cost countries. Zara began its international operations through Portugal, when it opened the first store abroad in the country.

Operational Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Operational Plan - Essay Example In this regard, for AllPharm in its unique place, adaptability and inter-departmental integration seem to be the most important factors affecting how well AllPharm fulfils the requirements for meeting its target. Vision and Values As stated earlier the core objective of any for-profit organization is earning profit for its shareholders. However how this profit is desired to be earned over time is prescribed by the vision of its owners. The pharmaceutical industry is on a high in this era and is considered an ever-green industry – that sees up and downs but can never go into a recession because the medical needs of human beings never end. For this reason, AllPharm’s vision has a substantial emphasis on sustainability and growth. And because of this vision, its reputation among its customers and employer unions is vital to its long-term interests. This is why AllPharm has an assertive code of ethics that is intended to be followed by employees from top to bottom in its or ganizational hierarchy. The company has a stated policy that it â€Å"values its customers as human beings more than it wants to provide them value for service as customers.† It is mandatory for office managers to display a printed code of ethics on notice-boards in every office and on walls in the production facilities and laboratories. The Human Capital Management division staff is regularly briefed on the importance of incorporation of human attributes in addition to candidate portfolio in the selection criteria for hopeful applicants for jobs at the company. Upper Hierarchy There are broadly three floors of management in any sizable organization, namely the top or governance level, the departmental management and the lower or direct personnel management. For an effective top-down approach to governance it is imperative that every post have as few subordinates as possible; this is the basic principle of AllPharm’s administrative structure. The President has no more than two Directors working under him. Hence the operations of the company are divided into two main categories: Production and Marketing. Together the two Directors and the President comprise the executive branch in the organizational structure. The President’s main responsibilities include devising developmental policies based on continuing market research and resource availability, supervising the Quality Control department, moulding production practices based on the latest legal stipulations and allocating staff and resources based on his own judgement of the overall industrial scenario. The Directors each take care of completely separate functions of the organization and integration and communication between the two departments is maintained by the liaison officers of the Sales Department. Both the Directors are accountable for all their position-based responsibilities except looking after staff lower than that working directly under them. This is the crux of an employee relationship principle that AllPharm has adopted known in the organization as the â€Å"charity begins at home† principle. Service Structure In the mid-level management structure AllPharm has four General Managers, specifically for Manufacturing, and Quality Control, which fall under the supervision of

The Role of Time Value in Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Time Value in Finance - Essay Example This paper illustrates that time value in finance is considering two views. That time value has future value and present value. A timeline that compounds to find future value and discounting to find present value shows compounding and discounting. Most financial managers will make decisions at time zero. That means that they rely primarily on present value techniques. The time value of money can show a personal finance example too. John Doe places $100 in a savings account paying 8% interest compounded annually at the end of 1 year he will have $108 in the account. The initial principal of $100 plus 8% or $8 in interest will appear in the account at the end of the year. The personal finance example would show that Jane Doe places $800 in a savings account paying 6% interest compounded annually. She wants to know how much money will be in the account at the end of 5 years. Time value of money is a critical financial tool to use as a financial manager or to figure one's own individual finances. The second most important concept is that a financial manager must learn to assess two key determinants:   risk and return.   The risk is the chance of financial loss.   Assets having greater chances of loss, viewed as riskier than those with lesser chances of loss are. In financial management, the risk is a term that is interchangeable with uncertainty to refer to the variability of returns associated with an asset.We need to understand what return is and how to measure it. The return is the total gain or loss experienced on an investment over a given period.   

Operational Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Operational Plan - Essay Example In this regard, for AllPharm in its unique place, adaptability and inter-departmental integration seem to be the most important factors affecting how well AllPharm fulfils the requirements for meeting its target. Vision and Values As stated earlier the core objective of any for-profit organization is earning profit for its shareholders. However how this profit is desired to be earned over time is prescribed by the vision of its owners. The pharmaceutical industry is on a high in this era and is considered an ever-green industry – that sees up and downs but can never go into a recession because the medical needs of human beings never end. For this reason, AllPharm’s vision has a substantial emphasis on sustainability and growth. And because of this vision, its reputation among its customers and employer unions is vital to its long-term interests. This is why AllPharm has an assertive code of ethics that is intended to be followed by employees from top to bottom in its or ganizational hierarchy. The company has a stated policy that it â€Å"values its customers as human beings more than it wants to provide them value for service as customers.† It is mandatory for office managers to display a printed code of ethics on notice-boards in every office and on walls in the production facilities and laboratories. The Human Capital Management division staff is regularly briefed on the importance of incorporation of human attributes in addition to candidate portfolio in the selection criteria for hopeful applicants for jobs at the company. Upper Hierarchy There are broadly three floors of management in any sizable organization, namely the top or governance level, the departmental management and the lower or direct personnel management. For an effective top-down approach to governance it is imperative that every post have as few subordinates as possible; this is the basic principle of AllPharm’s administrative structure. The President has no more than two Directors working under him. Hence the operations of the company are divided into two main categories: Production and Marketing. Together the two Directors and the President comprise the executive branch in the organizational structure. The President’s main responsibilities include devising developmental policies based on continuing market research and resource availability, supervising the Quality Control department, moulding production practices based on the latest legal stipulations and allocating staff and resources based on his own judgement of the overall industrial scenario. The Directors each take care of completely separate functions of the organization and integration and communication between the two departments is maintained by the liaison officers of the Sales Department. Both the Directors are accountable for all their position-based responsibilities except looking after staff lower than that working directly under them. This is the crux of an employee relationship principle that AllPharm has adopted known in the organization as the â€Å"charity begins at home† principle. Service Structure In the mid-level management structure AllPharm has four General Managers, specifically for Manufacturing, and Quality Control, which fall under the supervision of

Edmund Husserl's Cartesian Meditations (topic upon your own decision) Essay

Edmund Husserl's Cartesian Meditations (topic upon your own decision) - Essay Example Edmund Husserl's is one such philosopher who lived in the more modern world. His work was concerned about phenomena and how the human mind interacts with it. In his book titled Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology, Edmund Husserl (1960) introduces a number of significant philosophical thoughts. One of the most prominent of these is transcendental phenomenology in which the author gives a new way of analysing phenomena. This kind of thinking looks at phenomena from a different point of view. Although Edmund’s views can be seen as having been inspired by Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician in the 17th century, Edmund’s theories on phenomena seen to be developed in contrast to what Descartes developed. This can be particularly seen in his transcendental phenomenology which tries to see phenomena in a very different way. Unlike Descartes, Edmund and his school of thought argued that phenomenal can be seen in different dimensions (Husser l, 1960). In fact, Edmund argued that it is possible to take a phenomenal and strip it down to its very essence. In other words, transcendental phenomenology as developed by Edmund postulates that with regard to phenomena, there are those elements which are essential for that phenomenon to exist and there are those which are merely conceptual as conceived by human beings. To be able to separate the essential from the conceptual, Edmund used eidetic reduction. Eidetic Reduction Eidetic reduction is a process by which phenomena can be stripped to its basic essential aspects, without changing it. Eidetic reduction is a conceptual tool that can be used to understand Edmund’s transcendental phenomenology as a way to understand phenomena. Eidetic reduction can be traced back to Descartes. Descartes used a block of wax phenomena as a way to explain the layers of phenomena. For example, the wax can be experienced by the five senses in regard to its shape and the space it occupies, th e smell it exudes, the texture, its opaqueness etc. However, by heating up the block of wax, these properties of the wax can be changed without changing it into another object. In other words, once the wax has been heated up, it will lose its texture, its shape, space and its opaqueness will be changed to transparency. Yet, even after all these characteristics have been changed, the wax will continue to be wax. This means that the block of wax is perceived in two particular ways. The first is one the essential properties of the wax and the second one are the perceived or non essential properties of the wax. Edmund argued that the same can be applied with regard to people’s thoughts. In other words, people’s thoughts can be seen to have both the essential aspects of phenomena and other aspects of phenomena which are more conceptual or perceptual. Using eidetic reduction however, Edmund argues that these thoughts can be stripped down to their basic or essential details. The importance of this kind of stripping is that it leads to a more practical reality, as opposed to when phenomena is understood while it is still shrouded in non-essential properties. Edmund was an essentialist in that he believed that phenomena should be understood in its very essence without being affected by the other factors. However, with regard to ph

The Effects Of Carbon Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effects Of Carbon Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay Carbon dioxide is a simple mixture of exactly what it sounds like; one part carbon with two oxygen atoms attached to it. Carbon dioxide is in a gaseous state at normal temperatures and its chemical equation is stated as CO2. The gas originates from many different sources around the globe. Some of the most common and highest producers of CO2 are: fossil fuel combustion, iron and steel production, natural gas refinery systems, and the manufacturing of cement. The burning of fossil fuels is the largest single producer of CO2 gas. Many people associate this with the internal combustion engine which powers the modern automobile. In fact, the largest producer of carbon dioxide, in the United States, within the fossil fuel combustion group is the generation of electricity (EPA). Transportation comes in second place in the United States for CO2 production levels. This includes the burning of gasoline, diesel fuel, and many other petroleum based fuels. Although the burning of fossil fuels hap pens to be the largest source of CO2 there are also natural causes of the gas within the atmosphere. The breathing of animals, volcanic eruptions, and release of CO2 from the ocean, which happens to be a large carbon sink (meaning that it stores mass amounts of carbon), are all natural causes of carbon dioxide. One of the great parts about our Earth is the natural way it can clean itself. Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas within our atmosphere. Due to this naturally occurring substance there is a natural way for decreasing the levels of CO2. The processes that absorb and consume carbon dioxide consist of the natural photosynthesis process in which plants/trees use the suns energy and convert it into food. During this process carbon dioxide is drawn in through the leaves and stored within the main mass of the plant/tree. The carbon is then drawn into the soil through the roots of the agricultural crop or tree. This is natures way of drawing the carbon dioxide out of the air and into the ground where it can be stored. Although the plants have temporarily removed the CO2 from the atmosphere the substance still exists and can be re-released into the atmosphere through a tilling process of the ground or digging up the soil. Even though the carbon dioxide is being released into the air again this is how nature self regulates the CO2 on its own. With naturally occurring carbon dioxide levels this process works great. However, it cant completely compensate for human generated carbon dioxide levels which are produced today. The CO2 emissions today are higher than natural amounts due to the burning of fossil fuels as previously mentioned. These increased emissions due to fossil fuels burning can be reduced and battled in order to try and keep the CO2 levels at a manageable amount instead of becoming out of control as the current trend is currently working toward. Technology will help us to develop machines and devices to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. However, currently we do not have the technology to completely eliminate the gas from our emission list. In order to reduce CO2 emission levels action must be taken to enhance a device in the exhaust of modern machinery. New technologies could also be introduced to various other parts of the combustion process in order to make it more efficient. The more efficient a combustion process is, less fuel will be needed and therefore less CO2 will be produced from that running engine. A great way of reducing the carbon diox ide levels would be to switch over to a different type of fuel energy in order to receive the same amount of work time, or more, with less maintenance. One method of reducing CO2 levels is to use Carbon sequestration. This process involves capturing the exiting carbon dioxide and storing it underwater or underground in order to reduce the CO2 levels in the air. It is a very costly process but it is an option available for reduction of carbon dioxide (Zactruba). The industrial revolution was a major improvement for the world. During this time there werent any regulations on carbon dioxide levels emitted from production plants. Therefore plants back then were producing large amounts of CO2 and nobody thought anything of it until testing was done at a later date. Cars built during this time period were not fitted with emissions sensors and parts due to the lack of requirements for the emissions gasses and the lack of technology during the time. Levels of various different gasses are tested every so often and in 2005 the CO2 levels were tested and the results showed an increase of 35% over the levels tested before the industrial revolution hit. This proves that the industrial revolution along with current fossil fuel burning has produced mass quantities of CO2 and placed the gas into the atmosphere (EPA). The increase in carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is said to have been a contributing factor to the global warming effect. CO2 is named a greenhouse gas along with other gases such as methane and nitrous oxide. These retain heat and emit it at the same time. This causes a long term warming effect with increases in concentrations of the gases. Major increases in the amount of carbon dioxide will lead to this heating effect. With no mass effective way to decrease the amount of CO2 in the air it will be hard to reverse this effect unless a different form of combustion and transportation is developed. With new and emerging technologies it can seem feasible to create a device or vehicle that doesnt emit carbon dioxide through the exhaust of the vehicle or the process of creating the fuel needed to move the vehicle. This technology sounds amazing and revolutionizing. However, it has not yet been fully developed and no promises have been made toward it either.

The Future of the Human Genome Project Essay -- Science Genetics Biolo

The Future of the Human Genome Project Can you imagine knowing your own genetic code? Going into the doctor for a routine physical and leaving with the knowledge of your genetic downfalls so that you may prevent disease and cancers. This may seem unbelievable but it is likely to be implemented in the near future. Since the start of the human genome project, the medical community has been anxiously awaiting its completion because the applications it has to this field are obviously enormous. However, we still have much to learn about genetic variability and the information we gain can be used to prevent, repair, and eradicate illness. About fifteen years ago at a conference near Salt Lake City, the Department of Energy brought up a question that would change the face of science, more specifically molecular genetics. They questioned why there was no DNA research on the way mutations are detected and they decided to change that. Thus, the Human Genome Project was born. Actually there was a lot more planning to do before the work began, ranging from the technical aspects to developing a separate commission dealing with the ethical issues. Eight years after officially starting the project, the public is in awe of what has been accomplished. The projected goal is to have an accurate, complete sequence of human DNA by the year 2003, two years sooner than previously expected (Collins, 1998). The reason for the project is on schedule is that innovative techniques are being applied in DNA sequencing that are more cost effective as well as more efficient. The discovery of new techniques, as well as developing extensive genetic and physical maps have been the primary goals of the project. A detailed genetic map will enable scienti... ...ring in our lives. The question is, "Are we ready for them?" References 1- Human Genome Project Information. Obtained 10/8/98: http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/home.html. 2- About the Human Genome Project. Obtained 10/08/98: http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/Policy_and_public_affairs/Communications/Publications/Maps_to_medicine/about.html. 3- Collins, Francis S., et al. "New Goals for the U.S Human Genome Project: 1998-2003." Science. 23 Oct. 1998: 682-689. 4- Suzuki, David, and Peter Kundtson. Genethics: the clash between the new genetics and human values. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. 5- Peters, Ted. Playing God? Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom. New York, NY: Routledge, 1997. 6- Fickett, James W., et al. The Human Genome Project: Deciphering the Blueprint of Heredity. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books, 1994.

Free Essays On Shakespeares Sonnet 55 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 55 Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme; But you shall shine more bright in these contents Than unswept stone besmear'd with sluttish time. When wasteful war shall statues overturn, And broils root out the work of masonry, Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory. 'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmity Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room Even in the eyes of all posterity That wear this world out to the ending doom. So, till the judgment that yourself arise, You live in this, and dwell in lover's eyes. [Line 2]* - The poet could be referring to his own sonnet specifically, or to poetry in general. [Line 4]* - "'stone' (1) gravestone set in the church pavement on which the memorial inscription is rendered illegible by accumulated dust and the footsteps of the congregation; (2) uncared-for upright tomb or monument (the prey of dust and passing time)" (G. Blakemore Evans, Shakespeare's Sonnets, 163). [Line 7]* - Mars is the Roman god of war, often portrayed as a warrior in full battle armor, including a sword and shield. In Greek mythology Mars is known as Ares. [Line 12]* - 'that' refers to 'posterity', not to 'eyes'. [Line 14]* - Some scholars believe that Shakespeare is saying that his friend will be a source of inspiration for lovers everywhere (ie. 'dwell in the eyes of lovers everywhere'). But it most likely means that the poet's friend will dwell in the eyes of people who grow to love the friend through the poet's verse. Sonnet 55 is one of Shakespeare's most famous works and a noticeable deviation from other sonnets in which he appears insecure about his relationships and his own self-worth. Here we find an impassioned burst of confidence as the poet claims to have the power to keep his friend's memory alive evermore. Some critics argue that Shakespeare's sudden swell of pride in his poetry was strictly artificial - a blatant attempt to mimic the style of the classical poets. "It is difficult on any other hypothesis to reconcile the inflated egotism of such a one as 55 with the unassuming dedications to the Venus and Lucrece, 1593 and 1594, or with the expressions of humility found in the sonnets themselves, e.

Euso Disney Stakeholders

Euro Disney S. C. A Euro Disney S. C. A is a French public company that owns the well-known Euro Disneyland Paris. I have chosen to study this company because it was the subject of many controversies . The French society considers that by encouraging the American brand â€Å"Walt Disneyâ€Å" will unfortunately lead to `cultural imperialism`. French media and labor unions mounted protests against â€Å"Walt Disneyâ€Å" because the American managers tried to enforce specific rules without taking into consideration cultural differences.A journalist in the French newspaper â€Å"Le Figaroâ€Å" wrote, â€Å"I wish with all my heart that the rebels would set fire to Euro Disneyland. â€Å"[i] It is not easy at all to import a brand especially when USA and France have different cultural and economical backgrounds, codes, regulations and laws. I find it challenging to understand how Euro Disney S. C. A succeeded to pursue its goal and what assurances they gave to its stakeholders as the environment becomes more and more volatile. When we think about the concept of â€Å"stakeholdersâ€Å" we take into account everybody that has an interest (or `stake`) in the business.Stakeholder’s engagement is essential for every successful organization so Euro Disney focused on being transparent so that its stakeholders clearly understand its intentions. Working together with stakeholders will bring added value to the organization and this is the best alternative to understand what are the stakeholders` expectations and how the organization can meet his expectations by giving assurances. Being transparent and keeping a close relation with its stakeholders will always help Euro Disney to identify and prioritize the opportunities and risks.STAKEHOLDERS Euro Disney’s main goal is to make profit in order to reward its shareholders for the risk they took when investing in the business. The organization has to cooperate and engage not only with shareholders but with all stakeholders . There is impossible to classify which stakeholder is the most important because there is an interdependence relation among them. Shareholders are an essential part of the business because they invested at the beginning and took all the risks that came with the investment. In return they must have the assurance of being remunerated . `You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world but it requires people to make a dream realityâ€Å" (EURO DISNEY `s Annual Review, 2008, page 38). Every organization needs to hire people that will `make the dream come true`. Employees want to be given the assurance of secure jobs and remuneration. Moreover, they are a key part of the business so the company must prioritize people/employees after their skills, knowledge background and work experience. Euro Disney ` s interest is that all employees must to comply with its regulations if order to provide high quality services.This responsibility of co mpliance with regulations is not given only to employees because the organization must also comply with the French labor union’s agreements. Customers have a high impact on the organization’s evolution. The main assurance for them is that by the end of their journey to Disneyland Paris to have an immersive experience, to have enjoyed creativity and innovation and to have lived amazing adventures. Euro Disney has to keep in mind that customers have different tastes as long as they came from different cultural backgrounds so, updating their services can be a major factor to assure their success.There is a wide range of suppliers working with Euro Disney . On one hand we have food, drink and merchandise suppliers and on the other hand we have water and energy suppliers. The organization has to be committed to its relation with suppliers because suppliers` brand will be associated to the organization’s name and reputation. Suppliers want to have assurance for long à ¢â‚¬â€œterm contracts, payments if due dates while the organization is interested in their performance and the quality of their services. Shareholders invest money into the business but big companies such as Euro Disney S. C.A take long –term loans from banks to invest in new facilities. However, banks want to be assured that Euro Disney will pay back an interest rate and the loan . Disneyland Paris is located within eastern part of Paris. French Public Sector invested in the local infrastructure in order to give an incentive for Disneyland Paris to develop. Now, the Public Sector depends on taxes which are paid by Euro Disney S. C. A. The assurance of paying all the taxes is the main concern for the Public Sector. Euro Disney grew year after year and there was a need for expanding its services and investing more and more in new facilities.The Hotel Resort is a very good example that certifies the development of the organization but the assurance for the existence of this hot el depends on the success of Disneyland Paris. There will be no need for the Disney Hotel Resort if Disneyland will not exist anymore so there is interdependence between them.Thunderbird Case Studies ‘Euro Disneyland'† (PDF). www. thunderbird. edu. Retrieved March 5, 2007. ———————– EURO DISNEY S. C. A Suppliers Customers Employees Public Sector Banks Shareholders Hotel Resort & Support Service

Ncell

Methodology We surveyed much more about t Ncell through the use of various sources. Through these surveys we came to know about different aspects about Ncell. But we tried to get more insight of the consumers or the users of Ncell . With this prime motives we all decided to conduct a small Consumer Feedback Survey among the users of Ncell. We asked them the close ended questionnaire as a part of our primary survey . These questionnaire were distributed among the 20 Ncell users To know the diversified customers response we have selected the respondents from many sector llike professionals, Students , housewife and so on.The nature of our questionare were solely based on the satisfaction level,attitude towards product ,features of products. The sample of the questionnaire is presented below: Customer Feedback Survey-Questionnaire Name: Address: Contact: Email: Profession: Please tick the appropriate options Q. 1. What is your view on network quality of Ncell ? a) Excellent b)Good c)Ave rage d)Below Average Q. 2. Which service of Ncell do you use most? a)Call b) GPRS/3G c)Data card d)others Q. How expensive do you think is the price of Ncell service? a)Cheap b)Satisfactory c)Expensive d)Comparatively expensive Q. 4 How much money ( in average )do you spend in Ncell ? a)less then 100 b)R. S 100-250 C)R. S 250- 500 d)R. S 500 and above Q. 5 How does the feedback and customer care service respond to your problems ? a)Very Fast b)Average C)Satisfactory d)Slow response Q. 6 How is Advertising of Ncell? a) Persuasive b) Reinforcing c) Reminding d) Informative Q. How often do you get bonus scheme or offer from Ncell ? a) Frequently b) Very often c) Sometimes d) Rarely Q. 8 If you are using Ncell Internet service, how is it? a) Very fast b) comparatively fast c) Moderate d) slow Q. 9 What factor influenced you to purchase Ncell service? a) Media advertisement b) Hoarding board c) word of mouth d) References e) Non Q. 10 Do you have any suggestions that would help us to imp rove our Ncell service? Signature of the customer: Thank you for your kind cooperationMajor Findings From the customer survey that we conducted with 20 different Ncell customers we have found some crucial results. According to them the network quality of Ncell service is good however some of them said it is excelled. Likewise talking about the services provided by Ncell many of them are using call and GPRS service, the majority of GPRS users are youth among them. Another important result we have found about the price that Most of the respondent said it is comparatively expensive (which mean the Ncell Price is expensive than its major rival NTC).However the service within the Ncell subscriber is not that expensive. The major factors affecting to purchase of Ncel Service are Media advertisement, hoarding board, word of mouth and references respectively. Moreover the advertising of the Ncell is more reinforcing according to the respondents however some of them said it is informative e also. Considering the aforementioned survey discussion now we would like to show here some figures and chart to understand the findings in more specific way. 1. Quality of Network

Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper Essay

The Federal Bureau of Investigation tracks four offenses murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault in its Violent Crime Index. The juvenile arrest rate for each of these offenses has been declining steadily since the mid-1990s. The murder rate fell 70% from its 1993 peak through 2001 (Snyder, 2003). Statistics: Research has shown that crimes committed by juveniles are more likely to be cleared by law enforcement than crimes committed by adults. The clearance data in the Crime in the United States series show that the proportion of violent crimes attributed to juveniles by law enforcement has declined in recent years. The proportion of violent crimes cleared by juvenile arrests grew from about 9% in the late 1980s to 14% in 1994 and then declined to 12% in 2001. (Snyder 2003). Cleared Proportions: The juvenile proportion of cleared forcible rapes peaked in 1995 and then fell, with the 2001 proportion still above the levels of the late 1980s. The juvenile proportion of robbery clearances also peaked in 1995 at 20% and fell substantially by 2001 to 14%, but was still above the levels of the late 1980s at 10%. The juvenile proportion of aggravated assault clearances was at 12% in 2001 and was slightly below its peak of 13% in 1994. This was still substantially above the levels of the late 1980s. The proportion of Property Crime Index offenses cleared by juvenile arrests in 2001 was below all but 2 years in the 1980s and 1990s. (Snyder 2003) Drug Offenses: The text highlights an overall increase in the rate of drug offenses as well as simple assaults amount juveniles. After review of arrest statistics, the finding were that law enforcement agencies made an estimated 202,500 arrests of young people for drug abuse violations in 2001. Of those 202,500 arrests a drug abuse violation is seen to be the most serious. There was a decline in juvenile arrests for murder between 1992 and 2001. During this time period there were a large number of increases as well though. Statistics showed 51% motor vehicle theft and 40 % burglary. There was also a major increase in juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations at a 121%. (Snyder 2003). Simple assault increased between the early 1980s and the late 1990s which was more than 150% between 1983 and 1997. This rate fell 7% between 1997 and 2001. Arrests of Females: Arrests of females for various offenses are increasing more than the arrests of males, and the overall juvenile arrest rate for simple assault in 2001 remained near its all-time high. (Snyder 2003). Of the juvenile arrests reported in 2001 females accounted for 23% of those arrests for aggravated assault and 32% of juvenile arrests for other assaults. Females also appeared to be the leading sex in regards to runaway violations. Females were involved in 59% of all arrests for running away from home. Arrests for curfew and loitering law violations were reported at 31% for female juveniles. Females accounted for 23% of juvenile arrests for aggravated assault and 32% of juvenile arrests for other assaults (i.e., simple assaults and intimidations) in 2001. Females were involved in 59% of all arrests for running away from home and 31% of arrests for curfew and loitering law violations. (Snyder 2003) Violent Arrests of the Races: The text points out that the disparity in violent crime arrest rates for black juveniles and white juveniles declined substantially between 1980 and 2001. In 2001 the juvenile population was comprised of 78% white, 17% black, 4% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 1% American Indian. Violent crime statistics  showed that 55% involved white youth, 43% involved black youth, 1% involved Asian youth, and 1% involved American Indian youth. The results for property crime arrests were 68% white youth, 28% black youth, 2% Asian youth, and 1% American Indian youth. Between 1980 through 2001 black-to-white disparity in juvenile arrest rates for violent crimes show a decrease. The black juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate was 6.3 times the white rate in 1980 and in 2001; the rate disparity had declined to 3.6. The reduction in arrest rate were primarily due to the decline in black-to-white arrest disparities for robbery, which was greater than the decline for aggravated assault. Conclusion The outlook for the juvenile crime rate is uncertain as there are many factors which will affect those final numbers. One thing is for certain and that is that the population is projected to grow throughout the county at a rapid pace. The number of juveniles age 11 through 17; the ages of juveniles responsible for 99% of juvenile arrests will increase in the next decade. This will ultimately cause a spike in juvenile offenses and arrest numbers. References: Snyder, H. (December 2003). U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Juvenile Arrests 2001. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/201370.pdf

Project Managent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Managent - Essay Example (Wordnet, 2008) Business Process Reengineering can be defined as a fundamental rethinking and redesign of business processes like marketing department, processing department, finance department and human resource department etc. so that the company can achieve improvements in cost, quality, speed and service of an organization (Wordnet, 2008). Business Process Reengineering is mostly called reengineering and does not mean just the automation or downsizing or even outsourcing. The organization has to keep one thing mind is that even tough the payback of reengineering is considered to be high, the risk of failure along with disruption level of the organization's environment increases. When BPR project is implemented within the organization the management has to remember one thing that it is not an easy task when implementing extreme changes within the business processes of the organization so that the efficiency and the effectiveness would increase. For example there are some organizations, which have gained impressive profits after conducting business process engineering but then again there are some organizations which have failed to achieve their objectives and targets or the improvement these companies sought to improve their business processes. With the help of BPR some employees or specialists from different departments come together to work as a team on product development process. WHY REENGINEERING / SELECTING BPR The organization needs to reengineer so that it can again focus on three things i.e. customers, competition and change. As we know that customers have changing needs and the company has to keep up with that is why reengineering is need. When it comes to competition the company has local as well as global competition. And to have a competitive advantage over its competitor the company has to conduct reengineering. And last but not least change, change would include technology and customer needs. With the help of business process reengineering with in an organization it changes the business processes, can focus on its end-users or customers or clients of the company's product. BPR helps with improving with cost, quality, speed and service of the company. It also introduces new and innovated products and services for the company's customers. And it also improves the efficiency and the effectiveness of the company's business processes. This process is flexible and rich in functionality and it is also process oriented. PEOPLE AFFECTED DUE TO BPR IN AN ORGANIZATION People who will mostly be affected by the business process reengineering would be the employees of the company. Because of BPR implementation with in the company it can damage the trust and the relationship b/w the employee and the employer. The employee would be thinking that due to BPR the employer would downsize and the employees would lose their jobs. Then another conflict can arise between the client of the BPR and the developers, i.e. whatever the client expects compared to what the correct action is. The companies who are planning to implement or do BPR should always make sure that it is sensitive ethically and socially responsible. People who would also be affected by the

The Power Of American Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Power Of American Media - Essay Example Even before America gained her independence in the late 18th century, Europe’s tabloid presses were already having a field day exposing sensational events that would put today’s reality media to shame. Stories like the gruesome attack on a businessman and the â€Å"deflouring† of his two daughters appeared in a Dutch pamphlet in 1601 and led to a crackdown on banditry. Tabloid reports on the adulterous escapades of England’s popular Queen almost sparked a revolt in the early 19th century (Economist 107). So powerful were newspapermen that Burke (1729-1797) coined the term â€Å"Fourth Estate† to describe them as a new and powerful social class in England. It was Burke who pointed out the duty of the press as guardians of public interest and watchdogs of government. He believed that newspapermen had a power all their own in government: the power to speak and the power to make others listen through the printed word, and to act as a check and balance to the other social classes (Lords, Clergy, and People) by upholding democracy and defending public interests (â€Å"A Vindication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). But it was Carlyle (1795-1881), quoting Burke, who extended the description as to include the â€Å"Able Editors† and printers (â€Å"Heroes†), widening the Fourth Estate as to include the whole mass media. Carlyle, an individualist who vehemently distrusted democracy and legislators and hated industrialists, had in mind William Cobbett, England’s great newspaperman w ho denounced the political system as nepotistic, corrupt, and elitist and had to flee to America in 1818 to escape trial. Returning in 1820, Cobbett reported juicy tidbits of the King’s private life, in the process gaining popular support and acquittal for the embattled Queen.

Contemporary Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Retailing - Essay Example Contemporary Retailing The question outlines about the approach of the retailers which has undergone a radical shift in the last 30 years. The question of discussion in this context will be how retailers have moved from being market – driven company to a market driving company. This shift has been termed as growth by various industry experts and practitioners around the world. The study will therefore mainly discuss about the factors that led to this drastic change and growth of the retailers. In addition, the potential implication of the same will be evaluated in the context of current market scenario. Before getting into deep, the study will throw light on the differences between the concepts of ‘market driven’ and ‘market-driving’. There are drastic differences between the two concepts; a company which is market driven mainly reacts to the need of the customers. These companies generally bring the changes in their system on the basis of the changes in consumer dynamics. On the contrary, companies which are deemed as market driving are more future oriented and have better ability to envisage the future. These companies constantly come up with new products and services and surprises customers with their innovative offerings. Now the statement which will be evaluated is ‘retailers have moved from being ‘market-driven’ to being ‘market-driving’ in that their power has increased significantly in the last 30 years’.... The question of discussion in this context will be how retailers have moved from being market – driven company to a market driving company. This shift has been termed as growth by various industry experts and practitioners around the world. The study will therefore mainly discuss about the factors that led to this drastic change and growth of the retailers. In addition, the potential implication of the same will be evaluated in the context of current market scenario. Before getting into deep, the study will throw light on the differences between the concepts of ‘market driven’ and ‘market-driving’. There are drastic differences between the two concepts; a company which is market driven mainly reacts to the need of the customers. These companies generally bring the changes in their system on the basis of the changes in consumer dynamics. On the contrary, companies which are deemed as market driving are more future oriented and have better ability to en visage the future. These companies constantly come up with new products and services and surprises customers with their innovative offerings. Now the statement which will be evaluated is ‘retailers have moved from being ‘market-driven’ to being ‘market-driving’ in that their power has increased significantly in the last 30 years’. The market driving approach has allowed them to experience the competitive edge as well as increased power (Bhasker, 2006). This is because the dependence on consumer preferences has greatly reduced as with constant innovation they are actually creating and changing the preferences of the consumers. On the contrary, a retailer which pursued market driven

Isabel Allendes An Act of Vengeance and Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat Essay

Isabel Allendes An Act of Vengeance and Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat - Essay Example Both Isabel Allende’s An Act of Vengeance and Zora Neale Hurston’s Sweat address the theme of feminine vengeance. Despite the fact that the approaches employed by the female main characters to vengeance varying, it is important to note that one of the most underlying similarities between the two short stories is the issue of female empowerment in a society that is mostly dominated by the male. The author makes the story incredibly dramatic mainly brought out at the moment where Dulce Rosa’s father not only realizes that his friends have fallen, but that he is also forced to kill his daughter in order to spare her from men like Cespedes. The author has been successful in presenting this as not only unexpected, but also quite heartbreaking. The author has also been successful in balancing out the different emotions in the story and has most importantly been able to ensure that the audience does not feel melodramatic. Additionally, the use of imagery has been succes sful though not subtle especially at the moment where the author presentsthe image of Dulce Rosa shedding the shreds of her bloodied gown and consequently immersing herself in the water which makes her come out clean. This is a clear representation of both rebirth and baptism. Additionally, the act of holding her dying father is a clear manifestation of transformation from a girl to a woman. The author, Dulce Rosa, in the An Act of Vengeance holds not only the power of her independence, but also the power of self-sufficiency. Despite the neighbors making suggestions about her â€Å"going to live with her godmother in a different town where her story is not known after being raped† (23), Dulce Rosa opts to stay behind and instead build a life that is comfortable out of the ruins left of her fathers house. In Sweat, Delia is also presented as a strong woman who holds the economic power in her relationship with her unemployed husband. Delia still finds much comfort in the home b ought by her despite the abuse and infidelity of his husband. Delia stands her ground even when her husband, Sykes, tries to get her to leave her house to enable him move in with his mistress. She further stands her ground and leaves the husband to die from the snake bite that had earlier been meant for her. It is evident that vengeance by Delia is a decision not aimed at helping Sykes when the opportunity arises, but rather a decision that is aimed at causing Sykes direct harm herself. In An Act of Vengeances, Dulce Rosa was quite determined to kill Tadeo as a revenge for the death of her father. However, there is a twist when she later realizes that what she feels for Tadeo is love, hence making him torn between marriage and murder which are in real sense the two male expectations. Dolce Rosa later opts to kill herself instead of playing into either of these stereotypically male solutions. Her death leads into Tadeo losing all the hope he had for both love and redemption in his li fe. While the vengeance of Dulce Rosa leaves Tadeo alive, the vengeance by Delia leaves Sykes dead. These examples of feminine Vengeance is an indication of overlapping of the

Unit 5 Case Project Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 Case Project Questions - Coursework Example The EIGRP is on average 90, while OSPF has a larger distance scale and is 110. Load balancing is one of the option and function that is relatively common between these two. The link state nature and support of OSPF over the EIGRP which supports distant vector protocol also amounts to one of the major difference between the two protocols used in communication systems and networks (Syngress, 2001, p 38). With the given facts and information based detailed, it can be evaluated that OSPF may be preferred over EIGRP on the account of fact that is more flexible and supportive towards the large scaled networks. The option of ease of network is another area which it will enable if implemented in the large scaled networks. The non reliance on the CISCO hardware is another plus and all these options and factors should be taken into account with regard to the decision making between EIGRP and

Parents separating Essay Example for Free

Parents separating Essay Third-person objective narration in Raymond Carver’s short story â€Å"Popular Mechanics† gives the reader distance from the characters and allows the reader’s imagination to shine through. The story itself provides little detail and ambiguity between dialogue and action, thereby demonstrating the lack of identity of the characters and the universality of the story. Indeed, the complete lack of exposition or setting-up of the plot leaves the reader in the middle of the story when it starts – actually, all of â€Å"Popular Mechanics† is action with no before or after. Not only does this show the commonality of the experiences in the short story, but the action of the story also shows how difficult it is for people to go through a divorce, and also how separating parents often use their children as ammunition against one another during times in which they are going through relationship drama. Since the story is so broad, it shows that fights in relationships, some of which can be both physical and verbal and often dependent on using children as weapons, are common and can occur among anyone. Primarily, the narrator gives little to no detail about anything throughout â€Å"Popular Mechanics,† allowing the story to be more universal and showcase the troubles of parental fights on children as it occurs across the country. In fact, the greatest detail is in the first paragraph when the narrator describes the weather. Not only is this not a terribly significant place to provide detail, especially in a story that has a plot that revolves around a tragic relationship and a violent struggle over a young child, but the weather also sets the tone for the rest of the story. Indeed, the weather heavily foreshadows the rest of the story when Carver writes, â€Å"But it was getting dark on the inside too. † Not only is this about as specific as this story gets, but it also alludes to the coming challenges in the relationships between the two unnamed characters over their relationship and their child. Nothing else is said about the setting of the story, thereby forcing the reader to place the coming conflict in a location and time period: indeed, this story could take place anywhere in the world and at any time. Because of this, there is an element of universality to this story – because of the lack of detail and the broad generality of the subject matter, there is nothing tying this story to any specifics or concrete ideas. Because of this, the reader understands that these types of situations are pervasive in relationships, and that the generality of the fight and struggle in â€Å"Popular Mechanics† is applicable to many relationships in the world, especially in the violent uses of children in the story. Further, because there is no exposition or context for this story, even less can be attributed to its characters, thereby allowing the child abuse to be even more attributable to universal characteristics. Generally, stories have a set-up – you receive information in some form or the other in order to understand the situation before the primary plot action occurs. Here, though, that is not the case. The closest thing to a set-up of this story is â€Å"He was in the bedroom pushing clothes into a suitcase when she came to the door. Im glad youre leaving! Im glad youre leaving! she said. Do you hear? † which is an extremely quick introduction to the conflict of the story. Indeed, neither the man’s nor the woman’s names are given, and their beginning in this story is a fight. The reader never sees what leads up to the fight, what their lives were like before the fight ever occurred, or who is right in the situation. Actually, either the man or the woman could have more justification for their actions in this story, but the reader cannot know that. Because of this, the reader must form arbitrary associations and opinions about these people they actually know nothing about. Through this, we see that conflicts in relationships and the use of children in these conflicts can be associated with many different couples. Another way that Carver forces his readers to create their own visions of the story is through his lack of descriptions for the characters that actually use their child as a weapon. Nothing is known about either of them: not only do they not have names, but they have no understandable characteristics or personality qualities. However, they each take enough action that a reader could identify with one character more than the other, or could view a certain character in a particular way. Indeed, the male desperately wants to get control of the baby, and even goes as far as when â€Å"He crowded her into the wall then, trying to break her grip. He held on to the baby and pushed with all his weight. † We have no information about what the conflict over this child is exactly, but by seeing the man physically exert tremendous force on the woman in order to secure the child for himself certainly makes him seem less sympathetic. Still, the story does not condemn either the male or the female, especially as the woman attempts to physically gain control over the child at the end as well. Instead, it indicts both for the terror in their relationship, especially as it exists toward their child. Finally, the high drama of the situation forces the reader to have some investment in the story and realize how terrible the situation is that the child is in. As previously stated, there is little to no context of this story, thereby making it impossible for the reader to fully understand the situation. However, because there is so much at stake in this story, the reader becomes invested in a different manner. Not only is this couple splitting up in a clearly difficult and emotional way, but there is a child involved, and clearly nothing has been decided for the most positive scenarios of any of the people in any of the situations. In fact, the situation is cleared up because of physical force between the two people, and the story ends with the phrase â€Å"In this manner, the issue was decided. † The issue is decided because of the violence directed toward the child, and that the two people in the relationship use their child as a weapon makes the situation incredibly dramatic, forcing the reader to be invested in the child’s life and the relationship between the two protagonists. Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Popular Mechanics† is vague and has little to no detail, but this allows the reader to become invested in a particular manner and demonstrates the abuse that children go through because of parents separating. Because of the lack of detail and information regarding the characters, the reader is forced to imagine and place their own experiences inside the story more than they otherwise would, making the story more universally applicable than a story with vastly more detail. Indeed, it shows that domestic violence and conflict exists in many different types of situations and among different types of people. Further, the lack of exposition further reduces the reader’s accurate knowledge of the situation while the extreme drama of the story causes the reader to become more invested and judge the actions of the characters in the story more deeply. All of this together provides a story that provides the minimum amount of information that a story can have to still be a story, but also provides unique relationships between characters and readers, and shows how pervasive, widespread, common, and problematic domestic conflict between men and women can be, and primarily how this conflict uses and abuses children as a weapon in these conflicts.