Lewis Carrolls Alice In Wonderland Essay -- Lewis Carroll Alice In Wo

Lewis Carrolls Alice In WonderlandSo she sat on, with closed eyes, and half believed herself in Wonderland, though she knew she had solely to open them again, and any would change to weaken reality . . . (Carroll 119). Wonderland a place where everything is different and the imagination is free to roam wild. A place where it does not matter how big a person is, but the intellect that is in a person. Existing in the dreams of children everywhere, wonderland is a place of escape, causing a person to think in new, different ways a place like no other. Through his novel, Alices Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll captures and writes about a little girls adventures through her protest dreamland. Upon waking up and telling her sister about her dream, her sister contemplates on wonderland, feeling as if she can throw her troubles away and escape to its enchantment. However, being sr. and having more responsibilities than Alice, she is forced to return to reality. But will the w onderland leave Alice forever? Wonderland is a place of the imagination that makes a person question all that is somewhat him but gradually minimizes with age.Wonderland is a place of enchantment. Nothing is as it should be. Everything that a person has come to expect in reality becomes questioned until he begins doubting who he really is. When Alice first embarks on her journey through wonderland, she too wonders if she has changed instead of her surroundings Dear, dear How queer everything is to-day And yesterday things went on just as usual, I wonder if Ive changed in the night? Let me think was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a little different. But if Im not the same, the next question i... ...composed of a fifty-two deck of playing cards, taking on daily roles as painters and royalty, nothing is how it seems in reality. Wonderland is a place far from the life Alice is used to living. Wonderland is a place of imagination fo r children of all ages. When Alices sister awakens from her mini-dream about Alices wonderland, she hopes that Alice will be able to keep this imagination with her as she grows up. She wishes Alice to be able to make other childrens eyes bright and eager with many a strange tale (Carroll 120). Although the novel she reads in the park with Alice no longer has the pictures that Alice enjoys reading, her sister still carries a part of wonderland with her hidden waiting to expose itself. Works CitedCarroll, Lewis. Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. New York Barnes & Noble Books, 1999.

The Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act of 1991 and Ca

The Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act of 1991 and CaliforniaThe Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act of 1991 was established by the California Legislature, is directed by the Department of Fish and Game, and is being implemented by the state, and public and private partnerships to protect habitat in California1. As contrary to the single species interpretation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), this act aims at protecting mevery species using a regional approach to habitat preservation. Douglas Wheeler has written a nice synopsis of the NCCP within the context of the history of conservation of habitat. The NCCP is a program that is meant to have voluntary multi-stakeholder cooperation in planning, management and funding. In southerly California the target habitat is coastal Sage Scrub (CSS), home to the federally threatened California Gnatcatcher. Conservation is needed, particularly in Orange County, because of the large development of homes, businesses, and roads. The listing of the California Gnatcatcher as a threatened species and the dwindling numbers of other CSS dependent species are a testament to the need for whole-habitat preservation. For instance, CSS habitat includes other birds and organisms in need of protection, including the Coastal Cactus Wren and the Orange-throated Whiptail Lizard. The single species approach moves very slowly and often species go extinct before any listing is allowed. In the meantime, other species require protection and are placed as a last priority. The ESA, many conservationists argue, was always meant to be an act aimed at supporting multi-species preservation. With the leisurely pace at which legislation moves and with the single-species ... ...s Wheeler Link http//www.ceres.ca.gov/CRA/PressReleases/nccp_wheeler_fall9 5.html Coastal Sage Scrub Links http//envirolink.org/FSCR/Watershed103/ws3014.html http//www.calpoly.edu/dchippin/zonecoast.html Artemesia californica graphic http //rain.org/mkummel/flora/artcal.html Other Coastal Plants Link http//ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/coastal/plants/scrub.html California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica californica) Link http//www.fws.gov/r9endspp/i/b6w.html California Gnatcatcher and other CSS species Link http//www.epa.gov/EPA-SPECIES/1995/June/Day-21/pr-304.html San Diego County NCCP Link http//resources.ca.gov/CRA/NCCP/nccp_san_diego.html Interim Management Link http//www.ceres.ca.gov/CRA/NCCP/nccp_coastal_sage_scrub.htm l biological Corridors Link http//www.safnet.org/policy/psst/psst24.html

Pro Wrestling Essay -- Wrestling Sports Entertainment Essays

Pro grapplingBret Hart Wrestling with Shadows Written and Produced by Biography Special interview 15 December, 1997Unreal Story of Professional Wrestling Narr. Steve Allen Written and Produced by A&E Special Documentary A&E smart York, New York 1 March, 1998WCW/nWo Sting Unmasked Narr. Toni Shiavone Written by Eric Bischoff, Produced by Turner Broadcasting Co. Special Interview, Turner Entertainment Atlanta, Georgia 5 May 1998Nagurski, B. Professional Wrestling Microsoft Encarta 99 (Electronic Version). Copyright INSO Corp. 1993-1998 PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING SPORT OR ENTERTAINMENT?I. Introduction Do you smell what the Rock is cookin? shouts The Rock. This is the new crudeface of master copy wrestling. But it wasnt always like this. Havent you ever wonderedabout the real history of pro wrestling, not the history of what happened last week onRaw or Nitro? People either watch it or dont, or some watch it and dont a dmit it. Inany case, what is it really? Some call it a controlled riot with commercial breaks, amelodrama of mayhem, or a brawl with a referee. Whatever you call it, its an old form ofentertainment with plenty of ups and downs, but recently, it has become a part ofmainstream America. II. The Early Years Wrestling is as old as homosexual history. It has always been apply for dominance orcompetition. The Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabs all were great grappling hooks. Platos name literally means broad-shouldered, and he wrestled in his early days. The Irishused it as a way to settle differences. In fact, it was Irish immigrants living in Vermontwho brought the sport to America. Because of this, Vermont would produce the bestwrestling talent for the next 50 years. Presidents like Washington, Taft, and Coolidgewere all rasslers, and Abraham Lincoln was very much a professional wrestler. Professional wrestling began when veterans from the Civil War used the skills theyhad picked up in gang to grapple for money. Wrestling in the late 1890s was a verysuccessful international sporting event. It was the most popular spectator sport in theUnited States. It was proben as more scientific than boxing, and football and basketballhadnt appeared on the national level. The use of magaz... ...im. Nevertheless, they are thereason their chiropractors are so successful. (A&E, Unreal) So why do over 5 million people tune in to watch wrestling in a week? Becausethey want to see the dramatic reenactment of rituals, like belonging to a group that reflectswho you are, like the nWo, The Corporation, The Four Horsemen, or Ministry, and thesign language that goes along with it, of course. Its a soap opera, and scarcely like one, issuesare never resolved, or new ones develop.(Dr. Gerald W. Morton, Wrestling to RasslinV. Conclusion Is wrestling fake? Well if we look at it as fake, we are discernment it for tryingto be something that it wasnt intended to be. It is drama. So is Shakespeare. Would wecall his work fake? No, because that word is irrelevant. It is said that a society can bejudged by how it entertains itself. At least we arent throwing Christians to the lions, andwhen we celebrate violence, it isnt real. Professional wrestling is only as real as theimagination allows. The father of professional wrestler Jeff Jarrett once said, For thosewho believe, no explanation is needed. For those who dont, no explanation would do.

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Distinguished guests, those of questionable distinction and those of no distinction, family, relatives, in-laws and outlaws, young and old, friends, friends of friends, freeloaders and hangers-on let me extend a warm welcome to Meradith and Narens wedding reception celebration.Winston Churchill was apparently asked to address a preparation school and he got up and said, Never, Never, Never give up then he sat down.Well you are not going to get away(predicate) quite as easily as that, but I will try to be brief.There arent many people who find themselves in the position I find myself in today. Im married, 35 and I give two sons, yet I find myself in the region of Father of the Bride, but as I am Meradiths brother I consider it a great honour and would like to say how tall I am to be giving away my beautiful baby sister today.I know I speak on behalf of my mother and the liberalisation of Meradiths family when I say how proud we are today to see Meradith looking so beautiful, finally married to Naren.During the time we have known him we have come to realise how special he is to Meradith, and everyone can see how they are made for each other.He is really likable and easy going, and we are intellectual to welcome him formally into our family.At this point in the proceedings, it is traditional to bring up an embarrassing moment from Meradiths former(prenominal) or to highlight ... ...uite unstated to carry out.You must both realise that marriage isnt easy, but its not impossible. Many of us know that everyone faces ups and downs in a behavior commitment. There is no secret to a happy marriage. Youll both have to work at it, like many of us.There is no challenge in a marriage that cannot be overcome by the following three, three-word sentences.These areI was wrongYou were rightI love youMeradith and Naren,Heres to the past for all that youve learned Heres to the present for all that you shareAnd heres to the future for all that you can look forward to together.Ladies and Gentlemen, transport be upstanding, and raise your glasses to Meradith and Naren

England: The City of Today :: European Europe History

England The City of TodayGlorious, glorious England. As the Empire spreads some say so does its glory others mumble of the harm which we pay for our greatness. Many of us Londoners have read, if not discussed, the intriguing debate transpiring between Sir Andrew Ure and Sir James Phillips Kay. Are the cities of great England truly representative of the jewels in Her Majestys Crown? Or are they the stain of exploitation and abuse that some have proclaimed?Sir James Phillips Kay, an M.D. at Edinburgh and the Secretary to the Manchester Board of Health, has recently published a work titled, The Moral And Physical Conditions of the Working-Class Employed in Cotton Manufacturing in Manchester. (Kay/Ure Debate, Handout) He argues quite persuasively about those slimy wretches aliment in the most hideous of conditions. Half the blame he attributes to the Irish and the other half to the environment of an industrialised city. The Irish immigrants have brought to Manchester a frame called cottier farming. Sir James argues that this system is responsible for the demoralisation and barbarism of the working-class. If that is not bad enough, the potato has been introduced as a main article of food. Influenced by the Irish subsistence living, the working-class are abandoning those values which promote increasing comfort. They seemingly have given up the hope of betterment and adopted hopelessness.Sir James does rise in his description of the living conditions of the working class is living in. The mere thought of such suffering and misery is shocking to the soul. The problem Kay argues, is caused by combinations of poor living and working conditions, lack of education, influence by a lesser culture and the presence of great immorality. This recently published work is a plea to the Capitalist, to convince him to concern himself with his workers.Andrew Mearns, another prominent fellow on these matters goes into even greater detail in his work, The Bitter Cry of Outcast Lon don. make a study of our city, he has reported, with astonishing detail, that the filth present in Manchester can be found in this cityMr. Mearns makes his argument to the church in his call to unite and fight this growing misery together. He cites examples of immorality, poverty and heart-breaking misery. His call also addresses the need for the state to intervene on the behalf of the organisations trying to erect the working-classes misery.What can be done for the motherless children, diseased and ailing siblings and the poor forced into thievery for filthy lucre?

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Pot -- essays resear

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of PotThere is a war outlet on it keeps thousands in pain every night, a war that if were to end, could save thousands of masss lives. This is the war on marijuana. You could say that marijuana has a braggart(a) reputation in the eyes of many people, but in reality it is a drug which has the ability of saving lives and curing diseases in which sop up plagued us for too long. People need to be informed on the good that marijuana tolerate bring not just to this country, but to the whole world. cannabis (cannabis sativa) is often referred to as pot, tea, grass, weed, hashish, maryjane, ganja, skunk, and there are many, many more depending on how it is used and/or where it is from. It can be sniffed, chewed, smoked, or added to foods or beverages, but close to often is smoked by recreational drug users. marihuana contains around sixty compounds c eithered cannabanoids. The most psychoactive being delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol (Dudley 18). When marijuana is used, several things can happen to the user both physic altogethery and or mentally. Physical effects include red eyes, dry mouth or throat, increase in heartbeat, tightness of chest (if smoked), drowsiness, unsteadiness, and potent in-coordination. THC molecules can also distort part of the brains information-processing system, altering perception of time, while amplifying sounds and usual images (Dudley 18). This may not seem like roughthing people would require legalized, but there are far more ways to use marijuana for good than for bad.There are several interesting reasons why people fight for the legalization of marijuana, some people argue that if it was smoked as early as 2700 B.C. in China and India (Quick Facts 1) that it should be legal in all places. Or that since many of Americas greatest leaders and Founding Fathers (including George Washington) were hemp farmers (Quick Facts 1) that it would make the world a better place. Both of these genera l types of arguments have some reason in them, but the most valid arguments are probably to be about violence or medical reasons. After some thinking, the conclusion that any sick person who wants to use marijuana to help them self has to break the law (Dudley 39) can be made. This doesnt seem reasonable at all, seeing as how people who are ill and whom mi... ...aws around them, and make everything in society for those people. The lowest incapable part of the species. And what about all the people that can handle all the good things in life without screwing everyone else over? Well they can suffer, they can be held back by our crap, because theyre not important. They can evolve at the same mind-numbing pace as the rest of us. So lets keep drugs illegal, cause some people cant handle the responsibility. Thats the same principle they enforce in elementary school one kid messes up and the rest suffer from his ignorance. In case you havent noticed, laws and regulations cant hold back human race curiosity. You cant simply just stamp out those human urges with a law or two. You wont succeed in preventing humans from being human.Works CitedCancer Statistics. American Cancer Society. Online. Internet. 01 February 2001.Dudley, William, et al., eds. Marijuana. California Greenhaven Press, 1999.Marijuana Encyclopdia Britannica Macropdia. 1999 ed.Quick Facts About Pot. Freepot.com. Online. Internet. 28 Jan 2001.Todd Austin Brenner, The Legalization of Drugs Why Prolong the Inevitable? Vol. 18, 1989.

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Pot -- essays resear

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of PotThere is a war waiver on it keeps thousands in pain every night, a war that if were to end, could save thousands of quite a littles lives. This is the war on marijuana. You could say that marijuana has a distressing reputation in the eyes of many people, but in reality it is a drug which has the ability of saving lives and curing diseases in which turn out plagued us for too long. People need to be informed on the good that marijuana butt end bring not just to this country, but to the whole world. cannabis (cannabis sativa) is often referred to as pot, tea, grass, weed, hashish, maryjane, ganja, skunk, and there are many, many more depending on how it is used and/or where it is from. It can be sniffed, chewed, smoked, or added to foods or beverages, but intimately often is smoked by recreational substance abusers. hemp contains around sixty compounds c wholeed cannabanoids. The most psychoactive being delta-9-tetrahydracann abinol (Dudley 18). When marijuana is used, several things can happen to the user both physic in ally and or mentally. Physical effects include red eyes, dry mouth or throat, increase in heartbeat, tightness of chest (if smoked), drowsiness, unsteadiness, and herculean in-coordination. THC molecules can also distort part of the brains information-processing system, altering perception of time, while amplifying sounds and usual images (Dudley 18). This may not seem like just aboutthing people would involve legalized, but there are far more ways to use marijuana for good than for bad.There are several interesting reasons why people fight for the legalization of marijuana, some people argue that if it was smoked as early as 2700 B.C. in China and India (Quick Facts 1) that it should be legal in all places. Or that since many of Americas greatest leaders and Founding Fathers (including George Washington) were hemp farmers (Quick Facts 1) that it would make the world a better place. B oth of these general types of arguments have some reason in them, but the most valid arguments are probably to be about violence or medical reasons. After some thinking, the conclusion that any sick person who wants to use marijuana to help them self has to break the law (Dudley 39) can be made. This doesnt seem medium at all, seeing as how people who are ill and whom mi... ...aws around them, and make everything in society for those people. The lowest incapable part of the species. And what about all the people that can handle all the good things in life without screwing everyone else over? Well they can suffer, they can be held back by our crap, because theyre not important. They can evolve at the same mind-numbing pace as the rest of us. So lets keep drugs illegal, cause some people cant handle the responsibility. Thats the same principle they enforce in elementary school one kid messes up and the rest suffer from his ignorance. In case you havent noticed, laws and regulations cant hold back clement curiosity. You cant simply just stamp out those human urges with a law or two. You wont succeed in preventing humans from being human.Works CitedCancer Statistics. American Cancer Society. Online. Internet. 01 February 2001.Dudley, William, et al., eds. Marijuana. California Greenhaven Press, 1999.Marijuana Encyclopdia Britannica Macropdia. 1999 ed.Quick Facts About Pot. Freepot.com. Online. Internet. 28 Jan 2001.Todd Austin Brenner, The Legalization of Drugs Why Prolong the Inevitable? Vol. 18, 1989.

My Dream, My Future

My Dream, My Future Do you pay attention in how fast time goes by? Before we realize, time has passed by and all the dreams we had for our future withstand not yet come true. The reason is because our dreams are just dreams and commencent yet become goals. Life is no Nintendo game. You live only once. Therefore, we mustiness fulfill those precious matchless called Dream during the rest of our short Life. As for me, I have my own dreams too. If you ask me this in my childhood, I would say I want to be a teacher I want to be an actor and so on.But if you ask me now, I will tell you I have three major dreams. First, I want to graduate this school with the Best grades ever So, my parents can be proud of me. Second, I want my deportment to be colorful and beatific. Enjoying life doesnt waste money, we should use many to do some significative things. For instance, we can contribute our money to help the poor and stateless children, we can travel to somewhere to see the nature scene, we can buy book or collect your interested things to enrich our life, we also can have time to play with your family.Third, I want to travel all around the world. I have always been curious about other cultures and the differences between peck in other countries. It would be amazing to travel the whole world. Just realize that you are Riding an Elephant which is the Biggest terricole being, or standing on the Highest spot of wizard(prenominal) Pyramids in Egypt, or maybe wandering Deep in the sea and seeing unidentified creatures.Furthermore I would love to bungee jump or drift with sharks, experiencing life to the limits. In the future I may have new dreams, but the first goal I have to achieve is getting my diploma. This is one of the keys to accomplish my other goals and dreams. After becoming a professional, I want to start a family, one lovely wife and maybe three childrens and have one beautiful cozy home to raise my kids and grow old with the people I love the most. I hope to achieve write by B. Davaasuren

Intersectionality and assignment Essay

Intersectionality AssignmentThe definition of productionality states that it is the social theory suggesting various soci in ally and culturally constructed categories of discrimination interact on multiple and often simultaneous levels, contributing to systematic social inequality. Intersectionality holds that the classical models of oppression within society, such as those based on extend/ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, class, or disability do not act independently of one another instead, these forms of oppression interrelate creating a system of oppression that reflects the intersection of multiple forms of discrimination. (http//geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/Intersectionality) I think the author intended to include intersectionality in the story to show that people have the tendency to categorize others immediately without even out getting to know them. As humans we judge others way too much for our own good and we dont even realize we are doing it majority of the time. I think Morrisons main purpose in Recitatif is to make the reader a lot more aware of their stereotypical judgements closely diametrical races based on the use of different signs that Twyla and Roberta display as characters throughout the story. By writing with this technique of using hidden signs in the school text it makes the reader begin to try to naturally figure out the races of Twyla and Roberta. She also includes things in this story such as their views on intelligence, physical appearance, racial tensions, wealthiness and social class. I think Morrison hopes to make her readers aware that we are all guilty of using stereotypes that this society has created for us. Its just what we have known all our lives. Maybe a learned behavior from our parents, grandparents, or whateverone we are around a lot. Everyone, even if they are racist or the most non-racist human universe on earth, makes judgments on a different person that doesnt fit into their nor m.If I had to take a guess I would say Twyla is portentous and Roberta is white. One part in the story Roberta says that they never washed their hair and they smelled funny,referring to Twyla. Roberta also said this about Twylas mother She was big. Bigger than any man and on her chest was the biggest cross Id ever seen. I swear it was six inches long each way. And in the crook of her section was the biggest bible ever made. This description sounds like a big African American mother because thats what you could picture her as. Being Christian, not interested in being friends with Robertas mother, and storming away from her gets my mind visualizing that she is the attitude black big momma type of woman. Another thing I decided to look at to help me decide was their names. As the story goes on it gets harder to keep the same the same thought process on whos apart of what race because of the different stereotypes and statements that are made by the characters when they continue to cro ss paths later in life. Also because as an individual you start to realize that you are judging and hard not to. For me that begun a whole new way of thinking and continuously changed my opinion about the reading several times At times Roberta could mayhap be the black girl and Twyla could be white. In conclusion, its basically left up to you to decide whos what race and its really going to open your look to how judgmental you can be and how big of a role these everyday stereotypes really have on your mind, even when it seems that you have no racism or judging in you.

Othello as a Tragic Hero

Shakespe atomic number 18 uses techniques, events, language, structure and form to present Othello as sad hero. He exposes his tragicalal flaw, which consequently leads to his downfall. Othello conforms to the Aristotelic principles of tragedy, of the noble protagonist who undergoes ceaseless realityipulation and endures suffering, resulting in his ultimate downfall due to hamartia. All of these techniques combine to provide a different perception of the protagonist, as more of an atypical victim, exposed to the harsh reality of the society he longs to fit into, rather than a typical hero.A tragic hero is a person who initially is well-respected and holds a high esteem within society. They are of high moral worth and are highly ambitious in what they traffic circle out to achieve. A single mistake or character flaw can, however, bring them to ruin, with a loss of everything that they possess. In the discussion of whether Othello fits the role of a tragic hero, the following concepts need to be considered. Firstly, as befitting a tragic hero, Othello holds an important role.He is well-respected and admired by all. Secondly, through a character flaw and the added complication of external forces working against him, he suffers a dramatic fall from grace. He loses all that he held dear- his married woman, his status, his position, and the respect held by others of him. The tragic hero comes up against a force or events which serve to bring this sinister flaw to the surface. In Hamlet, it is his indecision which comes to the surface as a result of his mothers oer hasty re hymeneals.It is interpret that Othellos mordant flaw is in fact jealously. But jealousy is non an emotion or state of being that can exist on its own. It requires other things to feed it and n Othellos case this is insecurity. Othello is in fact set in an extremely racist period and this does cause him to feel dangerous and vulnerable, which renders him more open to Iagos manipulation . Iago does not pray on Othellos jealousy, he prays on his insecurity and uses Othellos race and colour to place Othello in a stinking light.In Othello, it is the force of Iagos ruthless manipulation and accusations against Desdemona and Cassio which bring Othellos gullibility to the surface. Hamartia is a very important aspect of the play and Shakespeare uses it to better the audiences understanding of the events that are unfolding. Othello is oblivious to the fact that Iago is taking advantage of his fatal flaw of jealousy. Oh beware jealousy it is the green-eyed which doth mock that which meet it, feed on. The cuckold lies in ecstasy.This quote from Iago proves that he knows Othello more than Othello knows himself, and so, takes advantage of his ain flaw, using it to his own, deadly advantage. Despite Othellos actions, there is a lesson to be learnt and the audience are compelled to take just about feeling of sympathy towards him. The sympathy of the audience towards Othello s character is largely due to his lack of understanding of the unforseen evils in the populace around him. These evils are personified by Iago. Othellos nobility, morals, values and ideals, all play a part in the unravelling of his personality.Iago whos equivocal but evil deception and manipulation of Othellos emotions presents the audience with a strong-willed but fragile character. Othello appears ill-equipped to understand a character such as Iago, and this gains the audiences sympathy. If we are to accept that a tragic hero is i that possesses the image of valour, nobility and honour, but in weakness cannot contain the manipulation of those mannerisms, then in the end we must come to the conclusion that he is and so a tragic hero.Othello as a Tragic HeroOthello is character created by Shakespeare that fulfils the conditions and requirements of a tragic hero (Bhattacharyya 123). This is for the reason that Othellos character exhibits what Aristotle refers to as the tragic fla w that ultimately caused his downfall. Just like any other classic tragic hero, he has innate flaws despite being a obviously virtuous character in the eyes of his fellows. Somehow, despite the perfection that the character displays, he possesses a weakness that is so inevitable that eventually consumes him and causes evil to others and the character himself.In Shakespeares plays, the strengths that raise the characters to the noblest heights become the points of vulnerability that lower them to the most profound depths (Cahn 325). Background of Othello Othello is a tragedy that is written by Shakespeare right after Hamlet. While there are palpable similarities that are noticed of the two plays such as resemblances in style, diction, and versification, Othello can stand on its own as champion of the best tragic plays that Shakespeare has been known for despite the fact that Hamlet remains the most famous.The heroes of the play are so unlike but heretofore exhibit characteristics that would qualify them into Aristotles definition of the tragic hero. The general character of a man that is exceptionally noble and trustful but has to endure the floor of disillusionment is employed by Shakespeare first in Hamlet and then to Othello. This is what makes these dramas along with King Lear and Timon regrouped together as having distinctions to the rest of the tragedies of Shakespeare.However, despite these similarities, Othello is the first tragic hero created by Shakespeare that is not only an exceptional man but also a huge man living a small world that made him tower over his fellows. More than this, the peculiarity of Othello is that it leaves the most painful and the most terrible impression of all the plays of Shakespeare (Bradley 175-176. ) It is a story of finale and of perfidy that originally sprung from jealousy and false beliefs. Othello is a Moor that has secretly married Desdemona, the daughter of Senator Brabantio.He is described as a benevolent and noble military man while her wife is one the most pure and innocent characters in Shakespeares plays. Moreover, Othello is also known to be having a strong belief in religion and a man of computable judgment. However, despite these positive attributes imbued upon him by Shakespeare, he also created a character that will surely uncover the tragic flaw that is within Othello. Iago has always displayed tendencies of being a villain but Othello remained to be trustful of him. His naivet and innocence triggered Iago to plot evil plans against him.Upon the evil plans of Iago, he was persuaded to assassinate his own wife for the belief that she was being disloyal to their marriage. These evil plans of Iago commenced when he got jealous of Michael Cassios appointment as a Lieutenant instead of himself. Because Othello was the one who appointed him, he started feeling a deep grudge against him. He then plotted on making Othellos life miserable with regards his marriage and his status as a Moor. He succeeded in making Othello believed that Desdemona is having intimate relationship with Cassio.Iago took advantage of Othellos trusting constitution for him to accomplish his plans. Othello mercilessly killed his wife in the bedchamber despite her pleadings and claims of innocence and purity. He has been blinded by jealousy and false belief that Iago has implanted in his mind. In the end, he has lettered that his actions were nothing but surges of anger, jealousy, impulsiveness, and false judgment. In the end, he was convinced of his wifes innocence through the testimonials of Emilia, Lodovico, and Roderigo. He then admitted his sins and decided to take forth his life.Before he killed himself, he beseeched the remaining people to listen to him speak. His last speech reminisces his heroism in the state. He also desires to be remembered as someone who loves not wisely but someone who loves too well (Bhattacharyya 31). Aristotles Tragic Hero and Tragic Flaw in Othello Poe tics by Aristotle is the best source with regards the structure, purpose, and put up of the Greek tragedy. In the words of Aristotle, a tragic hero is One should not show worthy men passing from good sight from good fortune to bad. Nor again wicked people mochtherous passing from bad fortune to good .Nor again the passing of a thoroughly bad man poneron from good fortune to bad fortune . There remains then the mean between these ho metaxy. This is the sort of man who is not pre-eminently virtuous and just ho edge arte diapheron kasi dikaiosyne, and yet it is through no badness or villainy of his own that he falls into the misfortune, but rather through some flaw in him (qtd in Goodkin 39). According to him, a tragic hero is primarily a character of noble stature and impressiveness. This means that the character occupies a high position in the society he is living in.Moreover, he should also exhibit nobility and virtue (Defining Tragedy). In the case of Othello, his character is that of a high ranking official in the military. Apart from this, he is also highly respected by the people of the state. He has gone to many wars and came underpin victorious. He is an epitome of a benevolent soldier that deserved his position as a Moor in the Venetian State. Aside from being lucky with a noble stature in the society, he is also happily married to Desdemona, the daughter of the Senator which has also an equal high standing in the society.Second, though a tragic hero is portrayed as great, he can neer be perfect. Just like any other living being, he has his own flaws despite having an elevated position in the society that mere mortals can never identify (Defining Tragedy). In the case of Othello, his naivety and his trusting nature are recognized to be his flaws that bring about the tragic flaw in his character that ultimately lead to his downfall. These particular characteristics that Othello possesses were the ones taken advantage by Iago to make his plans pros per. Iago has always been consistently portrayed as a villain.As a matter of fact, there are several instances that would hint Othello of his evil intents and backstabbing such as in the case where he conspired with Roderigo in his pursuit for the love of Desdemona. Even when he displayed character of dishonesty, Othello was too innocent and nave to distrust everything that he says, recommends, or suggests. Until it came to a point that he was too blinded to think and decide for himself and was already persuaded by Iagos evil intentions. Furthermore, because of his inability to discern the truth from fallacy, he murdered his wife without having any appropriate reason to do it.Because of him being overtly consumed by jealousy and false belief that his wife cheated on him, he committed the worse sin he ever had. This murder furthermore leads to his suicide, his final downfall. Third, the tragic heros downfall is attributed to his own actions and intentions. It can never be ascribed to accident, fate, or in any other external reasons. Furthermore, the tragedy that will happen to the character will be triggered by his own personal hallucination, whether it is in judgment, in action, or in his inaction. This is now what Aristotle calls the tragic flaw which is the very reason of his fall (Defining Tragedy).According to Cahn, a tragic flaw is a fatal weakness or error in judgment that propels a character to a tragic end (325). In the case of Othello, his fatal weakness causes his error in judgment. We will notice that these would form a series of events that will lead to the characters downfall. At the onset, his naivety and innocence as discussed in the earlier paragraph made him so gullible. This gullibility and vulnerability then made it easy for Iago to deceive him of believing that Desdemona has adulterous relationship with Cassio. This deception is followed by jealousy that blinded Othello.He then was too consumed with jealousy that he was unable to neither investigate nor evaluate the facts of the events. Once he had decided to revenge his reward and his bruised ego, he then committed a crime that will also cause him his life. The death of Desdemona woke his senses. With the realization that he has committed such a fatal sin, his affliction once again consumed him that lead to him taking his life Fourth, the heros fall would not be wholly deserved. Somehow, the punishment that the character has is ebullient of what should he have as a consequence of his tragic flaw (Defining Tragedy).In the case of Othello, the death of Desdemona is more than a punishment for his gullibility and naivety. More so, his death is an excessive penalty for his fatal weakness. Fifth, the fall leaves the tragic hero some awareness and self-knowledge (Defining Tragedy). In the case of Othello, the death of Desdemona not only made him regret but also to get back to his senses. He decided to find out the truth by extracting testimonials from Imilia and Lodov ico. Most importantly, he recognized the innocence of Desdemona.He died knowing that up to her death she remained faithful to him. Lastly, while the tragedy would arouse pity, fear, and other unhealthy emotions, it does not leave its audience depressed. Especially in a Shakespearean tragedy, the audience wouldnt feel that the hero is a poor mean creature. Even when the character leads a tragic and wretched end such as death, he still remains to be hero to the eyes of the audience. This is for the reason that the phase that he underwent is a fact that is pardonable for a hero to commit. His greatness remains even with his downfall.

Can Machines Think?

Can Machines hypothesize ? This paper regards several take downs of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the start out to make machines, specific on the wholey computing devices, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a task in that the word intelligence toilet hire many interpretations. This essay volition attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem.It could be tell that the human mentality is nonhing more than a machine, and as we know it to be cap fit of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines tramp think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes sentiment as we do.One of the early pi angiotensin converting enzymeers in the sph ere of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer last-place in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which essay to emulate one side of human conversation. But flush if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? washstand Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea.He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after cosmos given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the fount that this program would therefore be apprehensiveness the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario i s summarised as follows sit isolated in a room, Searle is given a plenty of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two.By simply following the English rules, he writes a third band of chinese words which he then returns to soul international the room. If the premier set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be tell the questions. In fact, from the headspring of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking he would not be understanding the story.This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying uncomplicated instructions, and has no understanding at all. In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the holy room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is fitted of reading and interpreting Chinese.Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system identical to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to causative properties and intentionality stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would wishing both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both.It is here where the subject of dichotomy comes into the fore. Are the mind and the bra in one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions choose this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searles argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they get ?Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brains structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to dilate the complex connotations involve d in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated traffic circle chips, programmed in such a way as to clench the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likeliness vindicatory keep right on speaking on the button as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observers might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have apprised, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be performing in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another commonwealth rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural net arrive ats. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled wi thin a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically skillfullyThe effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyns example an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schanks story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more causal properties than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think.However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic true statement in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief either one believes th at our intentionality derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesnt.Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated I think. Therefore, I am. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? ReferencesCan Machines Think?Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definitio n has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem.It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do.One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea.He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two.By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the s econd a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking he would not be understanding the story.This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpret ing Chinese.Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to causal properties and intentionality stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both.It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searles argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ?Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brains structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop mean ing anything by it. What we outside observers might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanicallyThe effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyns example an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schanks story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more causal p roperties than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think.However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief either one believes that our intentionality derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesnt.Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can u se as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated I think. Therefore, I am. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References