Renewable Energy Resources In Thaille Essay - 1552 Words

Brunei is targeting to utilize 0.6% of renewable energy consumption into the country’s final energy consumption by 2035. Yet, oil will still account for the largest share (46%), followed by gas (35%) and electricity (19%). Natural gas and oil will remain the dominant supply fuels for primary energy with small contributions from new renewable energy which is solar and biomass. Currently, the economy already has a 1.2 MW solar power plant and will continue to develop more solar capacity during the outlook period. Another form of new renewable energy (NRE) capacity that will likely be introduced is biomass generation, using landfill gas as fuel. By 2035, NRE’s contribution to total power generation will increase to 5%, compared to zero in†¦show more content†¦In 2014 the installed capacity of solar power plants in Thailand was close 1.3 GWp Wind Only small wind turbines had been developed from 2007-2011. However large wind farms were implemented in 2012 and 2013, bringing the total installed capacity of 224.5 MW. WTE The use of municipal solid waste to generate electricity in Thailand began in 2008. Due to difficulties in project development the growth in this sector remained limited. In 2014 there were less than 66MW of MSW power plant in Thailand. Furthermore, electricity prices in Cambodia are very high, thereby opening opportunities for the development of solar, wind, bio-fuel and biogas options. As can be seen in Table 3, it shows the renewable energy situation in Cambodia. Renewable energy technologies (RETs) will be the most appropriate way in meeting the energy demand in rural and remote areas of developing countries, especially in off-grid areas. About 85% of the total population lives in the rural areas, the government of Cambodia is placing great emphasis on the rural electrification, on-grid where possible, and off-grid by renewable energy, to raise the living standards of the rural population. Then, Table 3 shows the scenario of renewable energy resources in Cambodia [17]. Table 3 The Scenario of Renewable Energy Resources in Cambodia Energy Resources Description Biomass Cambodia’s biomass energy potential is diverse, with large concentrations of

Human Nature Establishes Political Authority - 982 Words

Now that we have an understanding of the three different accounts of the state of nature, it is important to understand the differing accounts of how human nature establishes political authority. Hobbes believes that because the state of nature is a constant state of war, the role of government must be to protect the people to protect people from themselves. Therefore, the purpose of political authority is to enforce law and order, and that the purpose of government is to control and be authoritative and should not be responsible for representing the people. Hobbes believes that you must give up your natural rights for peace. In the social contract man give up their rights to the state, but the social contract can only be signed among those who are equal as it is a contract established by the enforcer. Locke has a differing view that the establishment of political authority is to ensure that men have their property rights protected. Locke believes that the greatest purpose that men h ave for society is to be able to use their property, and to do safe while doing so. Therefore, Locke believes that the most important positive law that society should establish is the right to legislative power. To be governed under legislative power means that the government has to have the consent of the people. By having a government that is accountable to the people they represent, it will protect the people being governed against oppression, a government that has the consent of the peopleShow MoreRelatedSocial Contract Is The Formidable Obelisk For Peacebuilding And Statebuilding1269 Words   |  6 Pagesprinciple that â€Å"all men are by nature free and equal† (Lessnoff, 1990, p. 3) made Rawls disparate to his brethren who too theorized this concept. 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The main classificationsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1314 Words   |  6 Pagesin a time of political and civil unrest in Italy. For decades the city-state of Florence suffered several political uprisings and the establishment of new governments. From tyrannical rule to the creation of a democratic republic, and finally the re-establishment of the Medici family, The Prince comes from Machiavelli’s lived experiences in these political regimes. Machiavelli blames the division of Italy into city-states and the socio-political unrest on ecclesiastical authorities and the ChurchRead More The Prevalence of Humanity1662 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The defects of society [can be traced] back to the defects of human nature ... 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Under the model, people form a contract between themselves and society establishing individual political and moral obligations and a code of ethicsRead MoreIn This Essay, I Will Examine Social Contract Theory And1619 Words   |  7 Pageselite-herd models in political and religious institutions. Social Contract Theory is a freedom model depicting the relinquishing of individual rights to a sovereign authority for the collective good. Essentially, people form a contract between themselves and society establishing individual political and moral obligations and a code of ethics. Social Contract Theory has existed since the days of Ancient Greek Philosophy, but has become a staple of modern philosophy and political thought in more recentRead MoreFrankenstein Blade Runnar Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagescontexts, we come to a heightened understanding of human nature and its flaws. When considered together with Blade Runner, Shelley’s early 19thC novel Frankenstein reveals ongoing social anxieties regarding unrestrained scientific growth in a context of unprecedented advancements. As Victor Frankenstein vows to â€Å"unfold the deepest mysteries of creation...to infuse life into an inanimate body†, the mythological allusion to the Greek Prometheus establishes the calamities of valuing scientific hubris asRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau s Reflections On The Revolution Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesclaims authority on the subject of men within a sovereign by stating that he is a man under government but not a part of the governing body. As a member of a state, he believes it is vital to analyze the state because he is not in a position to act on his thoughts, just express them to those who are of the same station. Rousseau’s argument is distinctive because he bases his argument in his standing as a citizen of a free state and focuses on men already out of the state of nature. He establishes thatRead MoreChristianity And Politics : God Versus The City Of Man1426 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and Politics has always been a great concern for many decades and decades to come. In Political Writings by Augustine, he addresses that the rule of law can be seen in accord with the rule of God which emphasizes the great debate of the City of God versus the City of Man. Augustine believes that Christianity is needed for a healthy life because obtaining peace is difficult. In establishing a happy life, hope is necessary which can be achieved through God. Augustine asserts that there

The Most Forgotten Fact About Esl Argumentative Essay Topics Revealed

The Most Forgotten Fact About Esl Argumentative Essay Topics Revealed To provide a sound design you'll require no less than three supporting facts to back this up. People in demand of case study research should rush to delight in our assistance. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. The Appeal of Esl Argumentative Essay Topics The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a crystal clear comprehension of what things to write about. So, the choice of the topic is most important. It is possible to observe a list of 25 topics you can pick from the one which best fits your assignment. Once can surf the internet to come across a few examples of argumentative essay topics, however, there are websites which help to locate topics depending on the keywords. The topic also needs to be the one which provides the students sufficient to write on. This topic is an instance of an outstanding argumentative paper topic. Don't use any false or exaggerated details about your topic in the essay. Click this URL to visit the 102 argumentative essay topics. New Step by Step Roadmap for Esl Argumentative Essay Topics If it comes to write engineering essay for those students that are studying in electrical engineering school becomes confused since they are engineers and not the writers. Choosing great essay topics for middle school must be a careful procedure, where a balance must be struck between topics that could be too simplistic, more acceptable for the key school, and choosing argumentative essay topics that might be too intricate or controversial. Once students become acquainted with a particular type of organizer, they may discover different uses for it which you haven't even considered. In planning for the end of the essay, the studen ts should choose the chance to reaffirm their position. Esl Argumentative Essay Topics - Overview When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant issue to do is to select a topic and an argument that you may really get behind. One of the greatest strategies to select your topic is to find one which you get a strong opinion about. A great topic will allow it to be simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, apparently, the whole investigation of the problem you speak about. When you are requested to select a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. Essays are ordinarily not very long, therefore it's not surprising that teachers would assign a whole lot of them to write. Some people believe getting a degree from university is the ideal approach to guarantee a superior job, others think it would be better to go straight into work and get experience instead. You should participate in far-re aching investigating to cover all parts of the subject and all point of views by different individuals. Discussion Essay Tips Some individuals believe environmental problems should be solved on an international scale while some believe it is preferable to address them nationally. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. Argumentative essay topics cover a wide selection of subjects, and can be quite persuasive if an excellent essay represents them. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. There are several argumentative essay topics. You don't wish to lose grades because of incorrect essay format. If you think that you won't have the ability to finish your essay by the deadline, you don't understand much regarding the essay subject or you just do not like this type of assignments, you should turn to professional writers for aid. Use the following ideas to help you write short essays utilizing persuasive writing. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. In an argumentative essay you're supposed to present arguments about either side and please so take note of important events and court rulings about the topics you're speaking about. At this stage, you may just be thinking that you're finished with your essay, but you're not. You are able to also restate the ideas which you have discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. It's important to select debatab le argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you can counter to your own points. There are a few thumb rules for argumentative essay subjects to prevent clashes, yet earning a point at precisely the same time. Your facts ought to be truthful. You have to come across good evidence to back up your ideas along with examples to illustrate the evidence. To write an excellent argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which permits them to make an educated stance. Esl Argumentative Essay Topics at a Glance Your introductory paragraph ought to be clear and concise just enjoy the example. An argumentative essay is a kind of academic papers that students write in the center school. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the short article can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. 1 technique that's particularly helpful in essay writing is repetition.

Product Development and Supply Chain Risks †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Product Development and Supply Chain Risks. Answer: Introduction Murasaki Aircraft Corporation (MAC) is a Japanese aircraft manufacturer that is relatively new in business. The parent company of MAC is Murasaki Heavy Industries (MHI) with 64% of shares and also has Toyota Motor Corporation (10%) and Mitsubishi Corporation (10%) and Sumitomo Corporation and Mitsui Co with minor shares. The company is currently producing regional jets and Lisanne, the CEO of MAC is now aspiring to expand the business. The next set of business activities would include medium sized passenger jets which would enhance the business operations and activities to another level. Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner are the two international projects in the same field that can impart the required level of management knowledge to Lisanne and her team. There were many correct and incorrect activities that were carried out in these two projects which can act as a good source of reference for the project that will be carried out at MAC. The report includes the positive and negative aspects associated with the two projects and also includes the key learning that may be adapted by MAC. Airbus is a company that was found in the year 1970 with the major objectives as integration of existing European aircraft sites for establishing advanced and modern manufacturing and production capabilities. Currently, there are over 57,000 employees that are engaged with Airbus. Airbus A380 is one of the large scale projects that was undertaken by the company and was initiated in the year 2000. The aim of the project was to design a super-jumbo jet capable of carrying 853 passengers and crew. The launch date of the project was set up in 2002 (Bbc, 2012). At the same time, it was decided that an administrative re-structuring would be carried out at the company which would include the re-location of the top management from different sites at a common site. It was aimed that such a process would result in minimization of conflicts and would lead to adequate and effective management as a result (Rochfort, 2006). In 2005, there were a number of production issues that began to crop up. This led to the inability to meet the delivery deadlines and the French and German production facilities started the blame game instead of the resolution of the issue. In the year 2006, wiring harness produced in Hamburg plant failed to install while the plane was in the assembly stage in the Toulouse plant. CATIA is a software which is commonly used in the aircraft industry and it was found out that an older version of the software was used in the Hamburg plant. However, the latest version was used in the Toulouse plant. This led to the compatibility issues which led to the failure in the installation process. As a result, the deliveries were postponed and it became necessary to design the wiring system. This led to the delay of two years and the cost also exceeded by 6 billion dollars. It is assumed that the primary reason behind the failure was the software compatibility issues. However, there were a number of problems and mistakes that were carried out by the project management team that contributed as the prime reason of failure of the project (Dorfler Baumann, 2014). There are certain project management phases and guidelines that are required to be followed in each of the projects. The relevance of such guidelines and characteristics increases with the nature of the project. For instance, in case of Airbus A380, it was an international project with a lot of significance. The following characteristics were required to be maintained in the project which went missing. Member Identity: It is the project management characteristic that makes sure that each member identifies with the roles and responsibilities in the project and places his or her selfish interests at the least priority. However, in the case of Airbus A380, the members failed to identify with the project goals and placed their personal benefits at the top. Unit Integration: There are several units and departments that function in an organization that need to integrate with each other for the success of an organizations venture. However, this characteristics was missing in the case of Airbus A380 (Shore, 2009). Conflict Tolerance: There were a lot many conflicts that were observed at the top management level that were not resolved at the advanced project stages which led to the project failure. Also, the software compatibility issues that were encountered could have been detected earlier in the project execution and project control stages. Software testing is an essential activity that is required to be carried out and the effective monitoring and control from the project managers could have also made sure that the issue was detected in a timely manner. Lessons Learned Boeing 787 Dreamliner Boeing is an American multi-national organization that deals in the designing, manufacturing and production of airplanes, rockers and satellites. The company has over 160,000 employees engaged with it. Boeing began the development of 787 Dreamliner in the year 2003; however, the project suffered from numerous project failures and risks in the areas of schedule and budget overrun. The estimated cost of the project was USD 5 billion which exceeded to over USD 17-23 billion (Elahi, Sheikhzadeh Lamba, 2012). There were numerous reasons that contributed in the failure of the project. The technical experts advised the project team to stick to the traditional methods of manufacturing and design. However, in an attempt to bring down the costs, the company decided to outsource many of the project tasks. This went against the project and led to the budget overrun (Mseitif, 2014). The overall management that was applied in the project was also not adequate. There are primarily two lessons that can be learnt from the case study of Boeing Dreamliner. Project Management is a discipline that is required to be included in the project. There are certain phases and guidelines that have been defined that must be followed so that the decision making processes and abilities are adequate. The significance of project control is extremely high as it assists in the verification and validation of the project tasks and activities. The required project control was missing in the case of Boeing 787 Dreamliner. This is because of the outsourcing of numerous tasks which brings down the level of monitoring and control that can be applied (Tang Zimmerman, 2009). It is necessary to carry out feasibility studies and take into consideration the remarks and comments that are provided by the experts. In the case of Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the management did not take into consideration the advice that was provided by the team of technical experts. This led to the incorrect decision making which ultimately led to project failure. Key Learnings for MACs Growth Ambition Project Project Management is one of the most significant and necessary activities that are required to be carried out in case of project. The significance of adequate project management further increases in international projects and activities. There are five phases that are included in any of the project management methodologies that is applied. These phases are as listed below. Initiation Phase: It is the phase in which the high-level project details are specified and the feasibility studies are carried out on different aspects. Some of these aspects include technical, economical, operational and environmental. The result of the feasibility studies is then analyzed to come up with the decision to proceed with the project activities or not. Planning Phase: This is one of the most important phases of project management in which the project plans are developed and implemented. There are several tasks that are required to be carried out in this phase as project budget estimation, schedule estimation, scope definition, allocation of roles and responsibilities, risk assessment and communication planning (Newton, 2015). Project Execution: This is the phase in which all the plans and strategies are brought in action. The design and development activities are carried out in this phase as per the approach and methodology that is finalized. Project Control: This is the phase in which monitoring and control activities are carried out by the management along with the implementation of the project. The project testing activities along with execution of the reviews and inspection processes in order to validate and verify the correctness of the project tasks and activities are included in this phase. Project Closure: This is the last phase in the project life cycle that includes the development of the closure report, acceptance of the deliverables and sign offs along with the final documentation. The above five phases shall be included by Lisanne and her team in the growth ambition project that will be carried out at MAC. There were a number of pitfalls that were associated with Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner. These pitfalls and drawbacks can be avoided by sticking to the best practices and including the following key learning in the project activities that are carried out. Planning will be one of the most significant tasks that will be associated with the project. The planning activities shall be carried out in such a manner that the estimates and approach that are received are adequate (Amalraj, 2007). There shall be realistic expectations that must be set and promised to the project client. These expectations shall be based upon the results of the feasibility studies, project specifications provided by the client along with the project resources. Risk assessment and management is one of the key activities that need to be carried out during the project in the initiation and planning stages only. This activity must make sure that all of the project risks are listed and highlighted and the risk response is also mapped with every risk. There may be a number of different risks that may emerge during MACs growth ambition project in the form of technical risks, security risks, schedule and budget risks, resource risks etc. All of these risks shall be determined and assessed in advance in terms of the response strategy that shall be applied in order to deal with the same. The response strategy shall include risk mitigation, risk acceptance, risk avoidance or risk transfer. Such an activity will keep the project team to deal with any situation during the project life cycle (Shariff, 2013). The project will include a lot many resources in the project team which may bring up the situation of conflicts and disputes. These situations will be required to be managed by making use of adequate strategy and approach. The top management must never fail to execute the monitoring and control processes in the form of reviews, inspections and walkthroughs. These processes must be carried out at regular intervals to determine the project progress and to highlight any of the deviations. Conclusion There can be a number of success and failure reasons that may be associated with the projects. In case of international projects, it becomes essential to make sure that the project success is achieved by sticking to the set of best practices and standards. Also, project management is a discipline that must be followed in the projects to ensure that the success is ensured. Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner are the two international projects in the field of aircrafts that can impart the required level of management knowledge to similar large scale international projects. There were many correct and incorrect activities that were carried out in these two projects which can act as a good source of reference. Murasaki Aircraft Corporation (MAC) is a company that is currently producing regional jets and Lisanne, the CEO of MAC is now aspiring to expand the business. The next set of business activities would include medium sized passenger jets which would enhance the business operations and activities to another level. The project must stick to the five phases of the project management process which include initiation, planning, execution, control and closure phases. Project planning, risk assessment and management, setting up of realistic project expectations, adequate resource selection and allocation along with effective monitoring and control shall be followed in the project. The role of senior management along with the Project Manager also holds a critical importance in the case of such projects. Reference Amalraj, J. (2007). Project Management: Challenges Lessons Learned. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/ua_2007/AB_Project_Mgt_challenges.pdf Bbc. (2012). Factfile: Airbus A380. BBC News. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11693164 Dorfler, I., Baumann, O. (2014). Learning from a Drastic Failure: The Case of the Airbus A380 Program. Taylor Francis. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662716.2014.910891 Elahi, E., Sheikhzadeh, M., Lamba, N. (2012). "An Integrated Outsourcing Framework: Analyzing Boeings Outsourcing Program for Dreamliner (B787). Scholarworks.umb.edu. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://scholarworks.umb.edu/msis_faculty_pubs/26/ Mseitif, J. (2014). Boeings Behavior in a Liberalized Marketplace: The 787 Dreamliner Project and Impact on Puget Sound Workers. Digital.lib.washington.edu. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/26912/Mseitif_washington_0250O_13381.pdf;sequence=1 Newton, P. (2015). Principles of Project Management. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.free-management-ebooks.com/dldebk-pdf/fme-project-principles.pdf Rochfort, S. (2006). Delay issues cloud A380 visit - Business - Business - smh.com.au. Smh.com.au. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/news/business/delay-issues-cloud-a380-visit/2006/11/28/1164476179330.html Shariff, S. (2013). Assessment of Project Management Skills and Learning Outcomes in Students Projects. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813020363/pdf?md5=16f498b0203d44eb0bb95f5b83d90b6fpid=1-s2.0-S1877042813020363-main.pdf Shore, B. (2009). Airbus A380 - Project Failure Lessons Learned. Globalprojectstrategy.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://globalprojectstrategy.com/lessons/case.php?id=23 Tang, C., Zimmerman, J. (2009). Managing New Product Development and Supply Chain Risks: The Boeing 787 Case. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://eng.umd.edu/~austin/ense622.d/lecture-resources/Boeing787-Outsourcing2009.pdf

Down Syndrome Represented in the Society Essay Example

Down Syndrome Represented in the Society Paper Down syndrome is caused by the presence of extra genetic material from the 21st chromosome. Approximately, majority of the individuals with Down syndrome have an extra 21st chromosome and are identified as having â€Å"trisomy 21† subtype. Individuals with Down syndrome often suffer from moderate to severe mental retardation, show expressive language delays with relative strengths in pragmatical versus grammatical language abilities, and exhibit relative strengths in visual over auditory/ verbal memory. Down syndrome is associated with a greater risk of developing a range of serious health problems, such as hearing deficits, heart defects, leukemia, hypothyroidism, and gastrointestinal disorders. In reality, in the 1990s, the developmental outcome of children with Down syndrome has greatly improved because of early learning programs, physician and parent updated education about the syndrome, and appropriate medical management. According to factual evidences, intelligence and personality in a child with Down syndrome are affected by dedicated parents just as they are in non-Down syndrome children. Down syndrome patients are most of the time implied as defectives of the society to the point that they are even hindered from the basic human rights, such as detainment, physical abuse, and other sorts of violence. As their numbers continue to grow in the society, various conceptual frameworks, and theoretical perspectives have sprouted in aid to promote acceptance of these individuals. However, representations of these Down syndrome patients still vary as influenced by social and cultural factors. Scope and Limitations We will write a custom essay sample on Down Syndrome Represented in the Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Down Syndrome Represented in the Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Down Syndrome Represented in the Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The study aims to illustrate the occurring trend of societal representations of the conditions of Down syndrome. The perspective of society over these individuals as well as the prevalent view, either discriminative of receptive, shall be covered in the course discussion. The study shall employ statistic counts of Down syndrome specifically in the United States, which is the primary scope of setting. In addition, the study aims to utilize the conceptual frameworks applied in the course discussion of the said condition. Applying models shall be the prime method of depiction on how society views these individuals. Various standard norms and prevailing cultural etiologies shall be utilized as well in order to validate the claimed results of the research. The following shall be the objectives utilized in the overall research course. These shall serve as the prime guidelines for the conduction of the whole research plan. a. To be able to provide social representations of Down syndrome patients prevailing in the society through the use of theoretical models. b. To be able to compare and contrast the view of the society against this condition through the use of governing norms and perspectives in the society. Purpose of the Study Significantly, the study provides awareness expansion in terms of the society’s perception over Down syndrome patients. By knowing the established perception of the current prevailing norms of the society against this condition, it facilitates ease in developing health promotive, and organizational programs in aid of this condition. In addition, awareness of such subject induces an initiative to help improve the quality of life for these individuals. Discussion Down syndrome is the most prevalent chromosome-related disorders, which is often suspected after birth due to the physical appearance of the baby. As noted in the latter statement, the presence of an extra chromosome 21 in either the sperm or the egg cell causes the condition of Down syndrome. Chromosome 21 us the smallest of the human chromosomes and contains about 255 genes. The majority of children with Down syndrome, which is around 95%, possess trisomy 21- an extra chromosome in all their cells. Other individuals, which are around 3-4%, possess translocated form of the extra chromosome wherein the extra chromosome 21 is attached to one of a different chromosome pair, and last among the types is 1-2% mosaic, which pertains to varying count of trisomic cells while others a re normal in structure and characteristics. However, the type of chromosome pattern does not significantly alter the pattern of learning difficulties that usually accompany Down syndrome (Buckley, 2000 p. 9). Children with Down syndrome are born at the same rate to parents of all social and education levels, in all ethnic groups and to parents of all ages. Although the risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with maternal age, a baby with Down syndrome can be born to a mother of any age (Buckley, 2000 p. 9). However, Down syndrome patients are not entirely bound to live in an abnormal environment in accordant to their condition. In fact, various organization and sectors in society encourage the normal living of these individuals. All children with Down syndrome should stay with the family, and most can be mainstreamed into kindergarten (Cicchetti and Beeghly, 1999 p. 302). It is essential to use measures for Down syndrome to monitor growth and development. In the advent of their maturation and growth, most of these individuals with Down syndrome are able to leave home, work, and form relationships. In fact, some are even noted to have the capacity to handle their own family (Taylor and David, 2005 p. 41) Scientific and medical research on Down syndrome is gaining momentum. Research is continuing on identifying the genes in chromosome 21 that cause the characteristics of Down syndrome. According to the National Down Syndrome Society, it will be possible eventually to improve, correct, and prevent many of the problems associated with Down syndrome. There is hope that in the future, the ongoing research on Down syndrome will lead to development of an intervention and cure (Nielsen, 2002 p. 61). Down Syndrome Statistics Down syndrome was the first intellectual disability described and is the most common genetic form of intellectual disability. Due to its frequency, the general-public is most aware of Down syndrome, and for many, it is the prototypical form of intellectual disability. Approximately 7000 infants are born in the United States each year with Down syndrome. In fact, Down syndrome accounts for approximately one-third of children in special education (Harris, 2005 p. 194). The condition is not attributable to any behavioral activity of the parents or environmental etiologies, although some research on environment counters such statement. The probability that another child with Down syndrome will be born in a subsequent pregnancy is approximately 1%, regardless of maternal age. However, a number of risk factors have been investigated, including geographic location, race, ethnicity, season of birth and environmental hazards; however, none of these have been found relevant to affect the occurrence of the said condition (Harris, 2005 p. 194). The incidence of trisomy 21 correlates strongly with increasing maternal age children of older mothers has much greater risk of having Down syndrome. Up to mid-30s, women have a constant risk of giving birth to a trisomic child of about one per 1000 live births. Incidence then increases sharply to 1 in 30 at age 45 years (Jobling, 2006). The estimated incidence of Down syndrome is between 1 in 800-1,200 live births. The risk of a mother having a second child with Down syndrome is 1% regardless of maternal age, unless the syndrome is associated with translocation of chromosome 21 (Rubin and Strayer, 2007 p. 190). Medical Model- Genetic Testing and Perspectives In general, Down syndrome samples and normal or other mentally retarded groups of similar mental or chronological age have been compared at a single point in time. Medical practitioner perceives the condition more of a genetic disorder than a pathological disease. Guided by the principle of naturalism and existence, the health care practitioners further view the person with Down syndrome in a biological means rather than the sociological and physical morphology in order to deliver the rightful care (Rogers and Coleman, 2002 p. 8). To some point of logic, these practitioners possess the capacity to analyze and predetermine the conditions of these individuals. Most often than not, medical field comprehends the totality of the Down syndrome’s behavior, attitude and perception towards their environment. However, the burden takes in since, the actual condition still possess no cure, but only therapeutic procedurals and pharmacologic therapy for symptoms. In addition, genetic preview is the prime intervention that they can do in order to prevent further progression of the condition, or the conception itself. Genetic tests involve laboratory analyses of chromosomes, genes, or gene products (enzymes of proteins) to detect a gene alteration that can be the etiological agent or is likely to induce a specific genetic disorder or condition. Genetic testing can be DNA- or RNA-based, chromosomal, or biochemical in nature and procedurals, which possess various advantage and disadvantages. Genetic tests are currently used to predict risk of disease, to screen newborns for genetic conditions, to screen pregnant women for risk of genetic conditions, fore prenatal or clinical diagnoses or prognoses, and to direct clinical care. The procedures of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are the primary genetic testing involved in the detection of Down syndrome (Jenkins and Lea, 2004 p. 75). Parental and Public Model: Perspective of Parents and Community One of the impending fears of the parents, especially the conceiving mothers, is to have their child born with abnormalities and conditions, especially those genetic in nature that usually possess no direct treatment. The anxiety that occurs to the parents is usually the conceptual urge that they might not be able to acquire a normal family with an abnormal condition of their child, such as those with Down syndrome (Harris, 2005 p. 194). The condition is permanent and, most likely, gradually modifiable accompanied by costly therapies and treatments. Such condition is very much frustrating and disappointing especially for the parents. Most often than not, families with Down syndrome patients view their child as an inactive, unproductive, and to the point of insignificance. In fact, they nurse and nurture the child until they serve their burden character in the family, which triggers further depression, anxiety and frustration among these parents. In addition, the fear of having another child or future conceptions may be affected if a Down syndromic child has been born in their lineage. The family expansion tends to be withdrawn and halted, or to the point of family breakdown (Place, 2007). However, such perception is not considered to be the overall established mechanism of Down syndrome child management in the family. Other informed and educated families, despite of their child’s condition, even enhances their child’s development, nurture the fad in which they are in, enhances social interaction, and further development (Harris, 2005 p. 194; Place, 2007). Although, some point of these procedures require costly services especially for special child care and affiliations to such institutions. Model Applications: Societal Perception towards the Condition Behaviorism, humanism, and sociological labeling are some of the theoretical concepts that govern the attitude of community over these individuals. As the condition of Down syndrome progresses, the impact of various historical evolutions on the disease progression has greatly influenced the society’s perception over these individuals. In the past, the occurrence of these conditions had been attributed to Mongolian–like appearance; hence, connoted as mongoloids (Rogers and Coleman, 2002 p. 8). However, this notion did not remain in the society, and soon after, it was also discarded. Behaviorism Theoretical Model Behaviorism is the theoretical concept that mainly focuses on behavioral patterns, motives, and actions of individuals towards other subjects. The concept played a major explanation for the occurrence of such community perception towards Down syndrome patients. The focus is on specific behavior, and the orientation is very much on the here and now. The basic principle underlying behaviorism is that all behavior is learned (Vito etal, 2007 p. 115). The fundamental behaviors are learned by operant conditioning and by imitation of other’s behavior. The condition of the learned behavior is strengthened by reward and avoidance of punishment or weakened by lack of reward and aversive stimuli. Whether a given behavior pattern persists depends on the differential reinforcement – the rewards and punishments attached to that behavior and the rewards and punishments attached to alternative behavior. In the past, children with the condition have experienced tremendous discrimination from their community. They have experienced social isolation due to the conditions of insurgence in behavior similarities. Community inscribed the conditions of these individuals as abnormals in the society; hence, validated by behavioral negativism, the abnormality viewed by the community has caused them to be discriminated (Harris, 2005 p. 194). However, such discrimination has been validated by the research conducted by Kliewer (1998) wherein literary discriminative behavior was proven if rightful or appropriate response towards such individuals. The methodology includes 10 students with Down syndrome that were examined for two annual periods. During the course of 2 school years, the research conducted tape-records of 45 observations and 12 interviews that resulted in 1,300 pages of field notes. The research reveled that the actual progression of condition does not affect the literary capacity of the individuals. In fact, the students have evidently manifested communicative directives over literary needs. Although, the researched behavior of these individuals have been validated to possess lesser response towards isolation (Kliewer, 1998). The unproductiveness and inactive character of Down syndrome patients have established the behavioral discriminative approach of the community towards these individuals. By the principle of operant conditioning, the community has instilled to their minds that such individuals are burdens of their families and of the society; hence, they are discriminated and not provided with equal rights. Humanism Theoretical Model Meanwhile, as the conceptual framework of humanism converges with the view of humanitarian help over such in-need individuals. The concept that prevails in Humanism is the value of human life itself, regardless of the person’s outward or inward status in terms of disease, financial nature, etc. As for this theoretical model, it depicts the equal rights of individuals to be imposed since, human beings are supposed to be valued above all else. The essential core of social environment should disregard the impairments of such individuals, and perceived them with equal view (Buckley, 2000 p. 9). The research of Appl (1998) has tried to validate possible benefits of Down syndrome in the enhancement of their societal relationships through adult-child interactions. The participants of the research include 26 families that possess at least one or more children with Down syndrome have been analyzed in a 10 years observation. The research has established inclusive criteria that require a family of complete members, particularly the parents, child’s age ranging from 7 to 15 years old, and validated assessment of capacity to properly deliver care for the individuals with Down syndrome. Meanwhile, the research also monitors the condition of 26 individuals with Down syndrome present in the orphanages with same age criterion to test any possible differences during span of growth. The methodology involves quarterly assessment of both mental, physical, and emotional stabilities of the subjects involved. Results revealed insignificant variations over the first 3 years; however, as the time pass by, behavioral changes and cognitive comprehension had increased on those individuals living in families. Such claim was validated through the use of paper and pencil exam that depicts simple picture identification tests, which revealed higher results ranging from an average score of 15 pts. out 20 pts. to perfect score. The score rating of family groups ranges from 14 pts. to 20 pts. with majority’s score of 17 pts. , while family groups of Down syndrome in orphanages revealed 9-13 pts. with 11pts. as the most predominant (Appl, 1998). Social Construction Theoretical Model Social model views disability as the result of a dynamic process involving complex interactions among biologic, behavioral, psychologic, social and environmental factors. The social model enables people with disabilities to look at themselves in a more positive way, which increases their self-esteem and independence. In addition, the model also advocates looking beyond a person’s impairment and functional limitation to all and equal participant in society (Brown et al. , 2006 p. 462). The model has been tested by the experiment of Gloria (2001) in the school setting in terms of Down syndrome children’s capacity to perform well in normal education firms. As opposed to the sociological labels implicated by the society over these individuals in terms of literary competence, and cognitive capacities most evidently in the past was validated by research of Gloria (2001). The procedure was supported by National Down Syndrome Society through the provision of list of affiliates all over United States as well as Puerto Rico. A total of 250 questionnaires were sent to those parents with and without child/children with Down syndrome that participated in the research. The design of the questionnaire contained four levels of questioning: 1) background experience of the teacher, including amount of teaching experience, knowledge of special education, and knowledge/attitude toward inclusion; 2) teacher preparation for inclusion by the district and/or parent, and the transition process of the student; 3) classroom information on curriculum used, class arrangement for instruction, and maintenance of therapies and support services; and 4) classroom management issues, including instructional and behavioral management strategies. The objective was to determine the methods that general educators felt effective or otherwise with the inclusion of children with Down syndrome in their general education classes. In addition, the survey aims to evaluate the education standards provided by the academic groups among Down syndrome patients, and consequent response (Gloria, 2001). The results of the surveys revealed that Down syndrome patients still posses the capacity to enter general educational firm (Gloria, 2001); hence, validating their capacity to outlive the discriminations implicated to them by the society. Such individuals still possess the capacity to enter and conform to human societal standards provided with proper, extensive and appropriate guidelines of modifications (Jobling, 2006). As with the research conducted, Down syndrome individuals may still possess the capacity to outlive their condition and live their life normally. The advantage of such model is the provision of probable humanitarian approach of equity towards these individuals. However, with the dynamic progression and varying capacity of Down syndrome individuals may compromise the claims of norm capacity, which is the prime disadvantage of the theoretical application. Further validation and research that conjure positive and similar results may prove the claims and validate the implicated statement. Summary and Conclusions As for the research arguments proposed in the study, the discriminative outlook of the society over these individuals is evidently negated. Down syndrome patients may possess actual evidence of defect yet the capacity to outlive and improve is still present among these individuals provided that proper guidance, upbringing, environment, and appropriate personnel are present in their social circle. As the behaviorist implies, the differentiation of the trisomic features and behavior have left these individuals discriminated, has been proven irrational in this research. The social label that such individuals are poor in cognition and developmental capacities has been negated by the humanistic approach of validation, which proves that enhancement and development among these individuals are still possible. References Appl, D. J. (1998, September 2). Children with Down Syndrome: implications for adult-child interactions in inclusive settings.. Journal of Research in Childhood Education , 64, 443-451. Reviews research on children with Down Syndrome, highlighting physical, medical, intellectual, language, and behavioral characteristics that provide valuable information for caregivers and teachers in planning and intervention. Reviews research on parent-child interactions, providing guidelines for caregivers and teachers working in inclusive settings. Suggests that interactions and environments must be adjusted to support the uniqueness of each child. Brown etal, S. P. (2006). Exercise Physiology: Basis of Human Movement in Health and Disease. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Designed as the principal text for undergraduate courses in exercise physiology and science, this unique and informative text combines general undergraduate material with vital clinical information not found in competing resources. Key content includes detailed coverage of muscle physiology as well as evidence-based clinical information that helps students link theory to practice. Questions and answers help students review core material and reinforce concepts essential to effective practice. Abundant tables, graphs, and full-color illustrations support the text. Buckley, S. (2000). Living with Down Syndrome. The Down Syndrome Educational Trust. Offers a person-focused introduction to Down syndrome. This book explains the effects of Down syndrome on development, stressing that while individuals with Down syndrome do have special needs, they are people first, with the same rights and human needs as everyone else in their communities.

Blooms Major Novelists

Blooms Major Novelists Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-118) and index.Summary A comprehensive research and study guide for several novels by Charles Dickens, including plot summaries, thematic analyses, lists of characters, and critical views.Contents Biography of Charles Dickens [pt. 1]. Plot summary of Great expectations List of characters in Great expectations Critical views on Great expectations: Sylv ©re Monod on the morality of the novel Julian Moynahan on Pip as Dickens's most complex hero Harry Stone on fairy-tale aspects of the novel H.M. Daleski on the use of the first person in the novel A.E. Dyson on Magwitch Q.D. Leavis on guilt and class in the novel John Lucas on Pip as character and Pip as narrator Pearl Chesler Solomon on Dickens and his father Murray Baumgarten on writing and speech in the novel Thomas Loe on the Gothic elements in the novel [pt.Dickens at the Blacking Warehouse. Charles Dickens...2]. Plot summary of Bleak House List of characters in Bleak Hou se Critical views on Bleak House: J. Hillis Miller on the theme of interpretation in the novel Virginia Blain on Esther's "Sexual Taint" Christine Van Boheemen-Saaf on the novel as Victorian family romance Harold Bloom on the novel as canonical Laura Fasick on the diseased body in the novel [pt. 3]. Plot summary of David Copperfield List of characters in David Copperfield Critical views on David Copperfield: Charles Dickens on the novel Mowbray Morris on Dickens's fancy William Samuel Lilly on the sober veracity of the novel Algernon Charles Swinburne on the novel as masterpiece Stanley Friedman on the model for Uriah Heep [pt.3]. Plot summary of A tale of two cities List of characters...

Ecobeach Eco-tourism Operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ecobeach Eco-tourism Operation - Essay Example It involves the activities of educating tourists and the provision of funds for the purpose of the environments preservation (Frisch and Johannsen, 2004). The major purpose of carrying out these activities is to aid in the protection of nature and to empower the locals politically. It also assists in fostering the economic growth of a country and the reverence for the different cultures along with the right’s of humans. The major aim of eco tourism is to preserve nature so that the coming generations can enjoy environments that are safe and habitable (Fennel and Dowling, 2003). Tourism on the other hand is the activity of organizing the commercial operation of vocations and places that are of interest to the visitors in an area. Most people view the process of making improvements on the environment as the duty of the local authorities, the nongovernmental organizations dealing in protection of the environment and other profit making organizations dealing with the matter. Eco b eaches are those beaches where environmental protection efforts have been done on them to ensure that nature, the community and the visitors all benefit. 1.1 Background information The importance of ecotourism has been put to consideration by different environmentalists who desire to conserve the environment for the coming generations. Their efforts focus on the charitable sustainability of our surroundings. Tourism entails visiting areas where flowers, fauna and artistic traditions are the major appeals for commercial reasons (Zeppel, 2006). The major goal of this practice is to enhance the tourists views on the impacts of mans activities on his surroundings. It also aids in enabling... The paper tells that the importance of ecotourism has been put to consideration by different environmentalists who desire to conserve the environment for the coming generations. Their efforts focus on the charitable sustainability of our surroundings. Tourism entails visiting areas where flowers, fauna and artistic traditions are the major appeals for commercial reasons. The major goal of this practice is to enhance the tourists views on the impacts of mans activities on his surroundings. It also aids in enabling people to appreciate their natural homes better. Among the activities that these programs carry out aim at reducing the harm tourism causes on the surroundings and enhance the artistic honor of the locals. The international target market of choice for the beach eco tourism operation at Kimberly are visitors from all around the globe. The visitors to the beach all come from different cultures with different convictions, approaches and values to life and nature. The chosen int ernational market requires to be in a safe environment with fresh waters. They also require high quality and safe supplies of the products on offer from the beach resorts they visit. There should be provision of adequate and standard accommodation to handle any number of visitors who decide to visit the beach. Provision of all the adequate amenities in the visitors accommodation areas should be put into consideration before advertising the premises. The wants and needs of the target market should enable the management of the tourist operations to determine what to produce.