Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary

Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary Literary realism refers to a style that faithfully portrays life and interprets the actualities of all the aspects of reality. The literary style emerged as a reaction to the clouded literary conventions, misplaced esthetic glorification, and excessive beautification of the universe presented by romanticism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a literary technique, realism stands out from the other styles due to its four major defining characteristics. One of these characteristics is that realism is more concerned with characters than the plot. The second defining feature of realism is that its portrayal of reality is in comprehensive and vivid details. Thirdly, the language used by realists is not overly heightened or poetic. Finally, literary realism stands out as a result of its emphasis on the moral conflicts in the middle class. Leo Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina and Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary are outstanding texts that uniquely exhibit the defining aspects of realism. Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary is widely acclaimed for its realistic portrayal of normal life scenarios. It presents an unadorned description of people in their daily life activities. The reality as experienced through the authors eyes is completely unaffected by any subjectivities of the author. As such, the text features carefully selected and planned events and incidents. As a result of this, the novel avoids the redundancy and boredom that many associate with literary realism.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the authors calculated selection of real life events in Madame Bovary is depicted in the context where Emma Bovary is fantasizing about a midnight wedding under the light of torches, an idea that her fa ther dismisses as nonsensical (56). This part contrasts sentimental romanticism with the unsympathetic realities of life. The reality emerges triumphant following the downfall of Emma, who represents romanticism and her father who represents the real world. As a result of lacking the realistic appreciation of life, Emma Bovary lacks the true picture of what life should be. In a similar manner, Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina is considered by many critics as a vivid reconstruction of the Russian experience. Literary, the text betrays its association with the realistic school of thought. This is due to its emphasis on sincerity, simplicity, the deliberate avoidance of style to elaborate on minute life details, and the use of a normal tone that lacks the artificiality of poetic language. By contrasting the main characters in the story (Anna and Levin), the author, manages to reveal the weaknesses of both. As such, Levin is presented as an all-round character and not a simplified her o, and Anna is portrayed not as a simplified villain but as a normal human. Her humanness is revealed by depicting the various aspects of her life such as her social life (Tolstoy 245). The writers depict the dullness of people’s lives without making the texts boring to the readers. The astuteness of the writers makes the explication of ordinary situations rather intriguing without any exaggerations. The readers get a three-dimensional effect of the characters as a result of the detailed descriptions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, the characters are perceived as tangible by the audience. Even the metaphors that the authors use are directly picked from the real life. For instance, in describing some houses, Flaubert states that they are â€Å"like fur caps pulled down over the eyes† (86). The titles of literary texts play a very significant role in selling the contents. Through the titles of the two texts, the authors manage to hints about the contents of the texts to the readers. As such, the audience is prepared in advance for what they should expect in the respective texts. The fact that literary realism gives more emphasis to characters than the plot is depicted in the selection of the respective titles. The title Anna Karenina is derived from the name of the central character in the novel. The author makes it known to the audience that the character is essential to the story, and that arouses a sense of curiosity in the readers. The readers want to explore why the author has chosen the particular characters name as the title of his article. This prompts a critical reading of the text. On a similar note, Gustave Flaubert uses the name of the main character in the novel as the title of his text. The other effect realized by the choice of character names in literary texts such as Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary is that the audience is prepared to expect a real life story involving the real life experiences of the characters. This is entirely different from when the title of the story is a description of a place or a symbolic name. Both texts manage to suggest realism even before readers engage the text.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The texts focus on the moral dilemmas that are rampant in the middle classes. This is achieved through the characters whose names constitute the titles of the texts. Both Flauberts and Tolstoys texts are considered as successful depictions of reality in their different contexts. Through the careful selection of real life events, the use of a natural language, the emphasis on the characters rather than the plot, and the vivid description of scenarios and characters, the novels explicate the magical sensation that realistic texts are capable of presenting to their readers. The titles of the texts are also derived from character names adding to the realism effect of the novels. Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Trans. Francis Steegmuller. New York: Random House, 1957. Print. Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina: A Novel in Eight Parts. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York, NY: Penguin, 2002. Print.

The First Men to Climb Mount Everest

The First Men to Climb Mount Everest After years of dreaming about it and seven weeks of climbing, New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Tenzing Norgay reached the top of Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, at 11:30 a.m. on May 29, 1953. They were the first people to ever reach the summit of Mount Everest. Earlier Attempts to Climb Mt. Everest Mount Everest had long been considered unclimbable by some and the ultimate climbing challenge by others. Soaring in height to 29,035 feet (8,850 m), the famous mountain is located in the Himalayas, along the border of Nepal and Tibet, China. Before Hillary and Tenzing successfully reached the summit, two other expeditions got close. Most famous of these was the 1924 climb of George Leigh Mallory and Andrew Sandy Irvine. They climbed Mount Everest at a time when the aid of compressed air was still new and controversial. The pair of climbers was last seen still going strong at the Second Step (about 28,140 - 28,300 ft). Many people still wonder if Mallory and Irvine might have been the first to make it to the top of Mount Everest. However, since the two men did not make it back down the mountain alive, perhaps well never know for sure. The Dangers of Climbing the Highest Mountain in the World Mallory and Irvine certainly were not the last to die upon the mountain. Climbing Mount Everest is extremely dangerous. Besides the freezing weather (which puts climbers at risk for extreme frostbite) and the obvious potential for long falls from cliffs and into deep crevasses, climbers of Mount Everest suffer from the effects of the extreme high altitude, often called mountain sickness. The high altitude prevents the human body from getting enough oxygen to the brain, causing hypoxia. Any climber who climbs above 8,000 feet could get mountain sickness and the higher they climb, the more severe the symptoms may become. Most climbers of Mount Everest at least suffer from headaches, cloudiness of thought, lack of sleep, loss of appetite, and fatigue. And some, if not acclimated correctly, could show the more acute signs of altitude sickness, which includes dementia, trouble walking, lack of physical coordination, delusions, and coma. To prevent the acute symptoms of altitude sickness, climbers of Mount Everest spend a lot of their time slowly acclimating their bodies to the increasingly high altitudes. This is why it can take climbers many weeks to climb Mt. Everest. Food and Supplies In addition to humans, not many creatures or plants can live in high altitudes either. For this reason, food sources for climbers of Mt. Everest are relatively nonexistent. So, in preparation for their climb, climbers and their teams must plan, purchase, and then carry all of their food and supplies with them up the mountain. Most teams hire Sherpas to help carry their supplies up the mountain. (The Sherpa are a previously nomadic people who live near Mt. Everest and who have the unusual ability of being able to quickly physically adapt to higher altitudes.) Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay Go Up the Mountain Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay were part of the British Everest Expedition, 1953, led by Colonel John Hunt. Hunt had selected a team of people who were experienced climbers from all around the British Empire. Among the eleven chosen climbers, Edmund Hillary was selected as a climber from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay, though born a Sherpa, was recruited from his home in India. Also along for the trip was a filmmaker to document their progress and a writer for The Times, both were there in the hopes of documenting a successful climb to the summit. Very importantly, a physiologist rounded out the team. After months of planning and organizing, the expedition began to climb. On their way up, the team established nine camps, some of which are still used by climbers today. Out of all the climbers on the expedition, only four would get a chance to make an attempt to reach the summit. Hunt, the team leader, selected two teams of climbers. The first team consisted of Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans and the second team consisted of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. The first team left on May 26, 1953 to reach the summit of Mt. Everest. Although the two men made it up to about 300 feet shy of the summit, the highest any human had yet reached, they were forced to turn back after bad weather set in as well as a fall and problems with their oxygen tanks. Reaching the Top of Mount Everest At 4 a.m. on May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay awoke in camp nine and readied themselves for their climb. Hillary discovered that his boots had frozen and thus spent two hours defrosting them. The two men left camp at 6:30 a.m. During their climb, they came upon one particularly difficult rock face, but Hillary found a way to climb it. (The rock face is now called Hillarys Step.) At 11:30 a.m., Hillary and Tenzing reached the summit of Mount Everest. Hillary reached out to shake Tenzings hand, but Tenzing gave him a hug in return. The two men enjoyed only 15 minutes at the top of the world because of their low air supply. They spent their time taking photographs, taking in the view, placing a food offering (Tenzing), and looking for any sign that the missing climbers from 1924 had been there before them (they didnt find any). When their 15 minutes were up, Hillary and Tenzing began making their way back down the mountain. It is reported that when Hillary saw his friend and co-New Zealand climber George Lowe (also part of the expedition), Hillary said, Well, George, weve knocked the bastard off! News of the successful climb quickly made it around the world. Both Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became heroes.

Evaluating an International Human Resource Strategy (TESCO) Essay

Evaluating an International Human Resource Strategy (TESCO) - Essay Example Moreover, I would be discussing the entire chunk of international HR strategy into the following five major and broad categories, namely; In addition, I would be stressing out the major issues which the Tesco Plc representatives and it HR department would have to be catered with when extending and flourishing its activities into another region of world on the basis of contractual relationships with its new appointed joint venture partners. Furthermore, I would also be discussing and detailing out some of the other relevant aspects and areas related to Tesco plc, which would probably be including; Hence, the overall and comprehensive purpose of this report is the evaluation, recommendation and analysis of vital and relevant international HR strategies and issues with which Tesco Plc would be challenged when it plan out to take certain growth initiatives under is business circle with its foreign joint venture partner in the market area of China. Tesco PLC  is one of the largest and popular British  multinational  Company which is directly engaged and associated in the business of grocery and general nature merchandise retailer, having its headquarter in  Cheshunt, Hertfordshire in England, United Kingdom (Tescoplc.com, 2014). Furthermore, Tesco Plc is recognized as the second largest retailer all over the globe, after  Wal-Mart, when it comes to the measurement of its overall profits and revenues. Company is quite successful in establishing its chain of merchandise stores in more than 12 countries scattered all around the regions of Asia,  North America, Malaysia, Thailand, the  Republic of Ireland and Europe (Reuters, 2014). In addition, Tesco Plc is essentially considered as one of the grocery market leader in entire region of the UK, where it accumulates the overall market share of approximately 30% on aggregate basis in similar industry. Historically speaking, Tesco

Background history of Facebook and the expected future Essay - 1

Background history of Facebook and the expected future - Essay Example Its main competitors are Twitter, Google+, IGLOO, LinkedIn, Bebo and many others. Its subsidiaries are Instagram, WhatsApp and Oculus VR. In 2013, it posted $7, 872,000,000 in revenues, a 55% growth. Its founders are Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes (Facebook, 2014). Mark Zuckerberg serves as the chairman and the CEO of the company. Sheryl Sandberg serves as the chief operating officer, David Ebersman as the Chief Financial Officer and Mike Schroepfer as the Chief Technology Officer, Bret Taylor as Chief Technology Officer. Its Board of Directors is made up of Marc Andreessen, Erskine B. Bowles, Susan Desmond-Hellmann, Donald E. Graham, Reed Hastings, Peter A. Thiel. Changes involve Chamath Palihapitiya, former AOL executive joined to take over marketing, Van Natta left as the chief revenue officer, Mike Murphy, become the chief revenue officer and Matt Cohler promoted to vice president of product management (Facebook, 2014). SWOT is a structured method of planning that analyses a company’s Strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and weaknesses. (Humphrey, 2005) Several factors (Opportunities) have placed Facebook at an advantage over others. Such factors are its ongoing expansion to the Chinese market, its diversification of its sources of income and how it has been tapping into advertising for income (this forms its major source of income), its tremendous increase in the number of its mobile users to 600 million, opening of the Facebook marketplace making it able to earn more revenues (and this is made possible because of its many users and wide coverage). It has also invested a lot of money in its marketing making it well known than other social networks, it’s ability to show the consumer behavior for businesses thus providing an analysis that aids decision making, enables businesses to collect user data through polls and surveys which could otherwise have

Electronics AS project Essay Example for Free

Electronics AS project Essay The aim of this project is to create a fire alarm which will detect fire or the effects of fire and as a result, with a buzzer, aware any occupants and persons in the surrounding area. To do this, I have researched how to construct this particular circuit. Fire is a major hazard and without the proper warning indications, can lead to devastating consequences. This is a device that can solve this life-threatening problem. A device that relies on the smoke that is produced in the event of a fire. When this smoke passes between a bulb and an LDR, the amount of light falling on the LDR decreases. This causes the resistance of LDR to increase and the voltage at the base of the transistor is pulled high due to which the supply to the COB (chip-on-board) is completed. The sensitivity of the circuit can depend on the distance between bulb. A device that uses a thermistor and an LDR to detect the high temperatures and brightness of a fire. When the temperature reaches high, the resistance of the thermistor decreases dramatically and the voltage travelling across the thermistor is pulled high and is passed into an AND gate. The same thing happens with the LDR but as the brightness increases the resistance drops and the voltage travelling through the LDR is pulled high and is passed into the AND gate; switching on a \buzzer alarm. This is the system that I will investigate and use for my system. Using resistors 100K? and 10K? , a 10:1 ratio was formed to work out the trigger point. With the 5. 5K? as R1 the trigger point was made to be 550? which is need for the circuit to trigger at around 80 C. Resistor R1 forms a voltage divider with the thermistor; the voltage to the non-inverting input being larger than the reference voltage when the thermistor is hot. When the thermistor is in high temperatures, the non-inverting input is greater than the inverting input and so the output of the op-amp saturates at the positive supply voltage, +Vs. The output then goes into the same AND gate. This circuit, therefore, gives a logic 0 output in the dark and logic 1 output in the light.

The Watergate Affair :: essays research papers

This analysis of the news media coverage will focus on the Watergate affair which originally began on June 17, 1972 with the break-in of the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the prestigious Watergate office complex in Washington D.C.. I will primarily concentrate on the negative impact that media coverage had to the publics eye. This media coverage, although justified and appropriate for the situation, ultimately destroyed the credibility of Nixon's administration and the ability to run an effective government which forced the first resignation of an American president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of the events at hand is as follows. The Nixon Administration financed a White House Special Investigative Unit called the plumbers. This unit was initially established under John Erlichmann a top White House aide, to â€Å"plug† leaks from the White House to the press and consisted of former FBI and CIA operatives. It comes to fact that these plumbers were involved in illegal break-ins and wiretapping before the Watergate scandal. On June 17, 1972, the night watchman at the Watergate complex discovered adhesive tape on the basement doors of the complex. Five men were arrested that night and began a series of inquiries and investigations into the possible corruption of White House Officials. (Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Volume 13, page 1603)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among those arrested on the night of June 17, 1972 were James McCord Jr., security coordinator for the Committee for the Re-election of the President (CRP also known as CREEP). (New York Times, June 21, 1972, page 1, column 3) Immediately after the arrests, the news media had already began initial accusations and offering possible motives to the public through statements like:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" There was continuing speculation here and in the Cuban community in Miami that unnamed men, in or out of an anti-Castro organization, had carried out a number of politically sensitive operations to win the Governments sympathy for 30,000 to 40,000 Cuban refugees living in Spain.† (4 Hunted in Inquiry on Democratic Raid, New York Times, June 21, 1972, page 44, column 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On June 20, it came to the attention of President Richard Nixon that there were connections made between the burglars and CRP and various White House personnel. The president, on June 23, recommended that the CIA should prevent a FBI inquiry into the Watergate incident based on national security interests. To no avail, the FBI continued its investigation and eventually sifted through the maze of paper trails and cover up. Evidence began to surface, pointing to the administration itself. Realizing the internal nature of this situation, stories began to look like this:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" No one was making any accusations yet, but in the midst of a curious

Rhetorical Analysis of an Argument

Jordan Sands Jaimie Young ENG 101 23 January 2013 Rhetorical Analysis of an Argument The Direct TV commercial â€Å"Don’t attend your own funeral† focuses on the quality of service, and the customer service of regular cable in comparison to Direct TV. From the beginning scene and progression of the commercial, it’s implied that cable service is bad, causing customers to need someone to come fix the service. This would trigger a chain of events, outrageously resulting in having to fake a funeral. As unbelievable and unrealistic as the claim may seem, the audience has been addressed with a sense of humor which makes the claim effective.The commercial starts out with an â€Å"average Joe† at home sitting in front of his TV. You can tell by the scene, he lives in a small apartment, appears to be single, and is aged between 20 and 30 years old. This situation would apply to a majority of the audience/people seeing this commercial. The TV has a gray screen, and the commercial is introduced as, â€Å"When you wait forever for the cable guy, you get bored. † This gives the audience the idea that cable service is bad, and doesn’t work; therefore you would need a technician to come fix it.This would be considered an audience appeal in a more ethical way; it gives Direct TV the credibility regular cable doesn’t have, and is being stripped of in this commercial. As claimed, when someone gets bored while waiting, they look outside and â€Å"see things they shouldn’t see†, which is demonstrated in the commercial as two men putting a large plastic bag into the back of a car. You can tell by the men’s reactions that â€Å"Joe† was in trouble. The next scene is Joe in his room, which is very plainly decorated, and small. The entire lay out of his house is dull, and doesn’t draw attention at all.When noticing this, it’s also shown that Joe is very plainly dressed as well; he has muted-colo red casual business attire on. This gives the impression that if someone has cable, their life is normal and almost boring; life would be so much more vibrant and convenient with Direct TV. Joe is seen frantically putting things into a suitcase because he â€Å"needs to vanish†. That escalates into him swimming away from a burning boat, and the announcers’ explanation is that he needed to fake his own death in order to vanish. After that, Joe is forced to dye his eyebrows in order to live a double life.Meaning for the audience; if you don’t have Direct TV, you need a new life. This is one of the underlining assumptions that things are tied together- or the warrant. The last time we see Joe, he is sitting in the back of a funeral service. His entire appearance has changed; he looks much older, has glasses on and he has white hair, eyebrows, and a mustache. Everyone in the crowd is crying, looking down, etc. This gives the audience the emotional aspect of the evid ence, connecting them to the situation. Joe is keeping his head down as the announcer says, â€Å"And when you dye your eyebrows, you attend your own funeral as a guy named Phil Shifley.Don’t attend your own funeral as a guy named Phil Shifley. † In other words, don’t go through all of this trouble in result of having regular cable, and switch to Direct TV. This same advice is given through a more straight forward approach by saying â€Å"Get rid of cable. † Another warrant would be, getting rid of cable will get rid of all these outrageous problems that cable may and will cause. The audience can appreciate the humor of the idea that obviously things wouldn’t actually escalate like in the commercial just because of your TV service.The idea of this chain of events being connected to not having Direct TV would be the warrant. The audience is also showed a price of the service starting at $29. 99 a month, making it seem as if it’s an easy fix. The prices would be considered a logical audience appeal; cheap prices are always an eye grabber. As far as a stretch as it is, the audience successfully gets the idea that regular cable is not worth having. When it’s not working, it takes a long time for the customer service to come through; leaving the customer without a TV. This leads to the question, â€Å"Why pay more for something that doesn’t work? when shown seemingly cheap prices for Direct TV’s more reliable, customer friendly service. When the audience is given a person to relate to: the average Joe, and a situation to connect to: TV trouble and a normal life, it makes it easier for the audience to put themselves into Joe’s position. When trying to sell a product, one of the key points is to paint a picture for the customer; show them why they need something and how it can better their lives. Making the customer laugh lightens the mood. All of these points have been met in this commercial, so it would be considered effective.

Event That Changed My Life Essay

When I was in second grade, my dad and I did not get along very well. I used to think my father did not care about me. I would get frustrated with him because he would get mad at me about my grades and my behavior at school. I felt that there was no way that I could please my father. It made me lose all hope; I felt that I would just be a failure for the rest of my life. He would tell me that I did not care or try hard enough to get good grades. He was right. When I was younger, I did not care about grades. I had a friend who was a troublemaker. One time, we had to go to the office because we had a coat hanger sword fight in the locker room with some other kids. I went to the office so many times that year, and I am lucky I did not get kicked out of school. My dad did not like my bad attitude, and he helped me shake it off over the next three years, but it was not some mere walk in the park. It was a rough path my dad and I were on. I hated my dad back then, and I did not love him. I thought he was out to get me, but I am glad that he persisted in helping me. I eventually realized that he was trying to help me, but that was not until around fifth grade. One day, in fifth grade, our anger and frustration had built up, and it erupted into a huge fight. â€Å"How can you say that you love me and care about me?† I yelled at my dad. No, I would not believe it! There was no way he could say that to my face! I continued shouting, â€Å"All you ever do is punish me, ground me, and get mad at me!† Instead of the rage and anger I had expected, my dad grasped me in a hug and whispered in my ear, â€Å"You will not understand how much I love you until you have children of your own.† He went on to tell me that he wanted the best for me and that he was trying to discipline me so that I could take care of my own family one day. Read more:  A Book That Changed My Life Essay It was as if my eyes were opened. I realized my dad was trying to help me, and that he did love me and care about me. I understood that to be able to have children, I would need to discipline them like my dad had done with me. To take care of them, I would need money from my job. It was then that I understood that my dad was preparing me for the future, and I will never be able to thank him enough for that. That is why I love my dad so much. I remember when my dad read a paper I wrote in seventh grade. It was about who inspires me the most. He read it and asked why I said he inspired me the most. I answered, â€Å"That day, that one day back in fifth grade, it all clicked in my brain. I love you dad, and you are my inspiration.† All my dad replied with was a smile, and I could tell that meant a lot to him. Whenever someone asks me who inspires me the most, I always answer, â€Å"My dad is who inspires me the most.† Without my dad, my future would have been destroyed by my past actions. My dad has changed my life for the better. Through the pain I felt, through the tears I shed, through the rage I released towards my father, I have realized my dad does love me. He has also shown me how important it will be for me to discipline my own children, and how good grades will help me get a good job so I can take care of my family. My dad and I are closer than ever now, and I can not believe I ever hated him. I guess sometimes it takes difficulties and arguments to really show you how much someone cares about you.

Urban Villagers by Herbert J Gans essays

Urban Villagers by Herbert J Gans essays Boston's West End is the most well documented neighborhood destroyed by urban "renewal," made famous initially by Herbert Gans's book, The Urban Villagers, 1962. Although approximately 63 percent of the families displaced by urban renewal were African-American or Hispanic, this Boston community was mainly inhabited by working class Italians. It was a little piece of Italy, with narrow winding streets alive with urban social life. Too crowded and unAmerican for the middle class tastes of City planners, it fell to the bulldozer in 1959 and was replaced by high rise, expensive apartment buildings. It is difficult for me to isolate the impact of *URBAN VILLAGERS*. In my experience it was but one contribution to growing criticism of urban renewal in the early 1960s and, with that, the physical orientation of urban planning that urban renewal represented. Shortly after it was published I was both a writing my dissertation in urban geography at Clark University and a project director in urban renewal, so I witnessed the impact in both urban renewal planning circles and in the more academic arena. It was part of the drum of criticism that led to the 1966 Model Cities Act and the redefinition of urban renewal and rethinking of the field of urban planning. I think the impact of the *URBAN VILLAGERS* might best evaluated as part of a creeping barrage of critical writing led off by Jacobs and *Death and Life . . .* in 1961. *Urban Villagers* was published in '63 and Martin Anderson weighed in from the right in '64 with *The Federal Bulldozer*. At the same time planners such as Paul Davidoff ("Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning" JAIP, 1965) were mounting a critique within the field of planning. (Jay Stein's *Classic Readings in Urban Planning* 1995 includes some writing from this period.) In 1965, ...

Botswana †From Ancient Times to Current Democracy

Botswana – From Ancient Times to Current Democracy The Republic of Botswana in southern Africa was once a British protectorate but now is an independent country with a stable democracy. It is also an economic success story, rising from its status as one of the poorest countries of the world to the middle-income level, with sound financial institutions and plans to reinvest its natural resource income. Botswana  is a landlocked country dominated by the Kalahari Desert and flatlands, rich in diamonds and other minerals. Early History and People Botswana has been inhabited by humans since the dawn of modern humans about 100,000 years ago. The San and Khoi peoples were the original inhabitants of this area and South Africa. They lived as hunter-gatherers and spoke Khoisan languages, noted for their click consonants. Migrations of People into Botswana The Great Zimbabwe empire extended into eastern Botswana a thousand years ago, and more groups migrated into the Transvaal. The areas major ethnic group is the Batswana who were herders and farmers living in tribal groups. There were larger migrations into Botswana of these people from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1800s. The group traded ivory and skins with the Europeans in exchange for guns and were Christianized by missionaries. British Establish the Bechuanaland Protectorate Dutch Boer settlers entered Botswana from the Transvaal, sparking hostilities with the Batswana. The leaders of the Batswana sought assistance from the British. As a result, the Bechuanaland Protectorate was established on March 31, 1885, including modern Botswana and parts of present-day South Africa. Pressure to Join the Union of South Africa The inhabitants of the protectorate did not want to be included in the proposed Union of South Africa when it was formed in 1910. They were successful in staving it off, but South Africa continued to pressure the UK to incorporate Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland into South Africa. Separate advisory councils of Africans and Europeans were established in the protectorate and the tribal rule and powers were further developed and regularized. Meanwhile, South Africa elected a nationalist government and established apartheid. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and a consultative legislative council was established by a  constitution in 1961. In that year, South Africa withdrew from the British Commonwealth. Botswana Independence and Democratic Stability Independence was secured peacefully by Botswana in June  1964. They established a constitution in 1965 and held general elections to finalize independence in 1966. The first president was Seretse Khama, who was the grandson of King Khama III of the Bamangwato people and a prominent figure in the movement for independence. He was trained in law in Britain and married to a white British woman. He served three terms and died in office in 1980. His vice president, Ketumile Masire, likewise was reelected several times, followed by Festus Mogae and then Khamas son, Ian Khama. Botswana continues to have a stable democracy. Challenges for the Future Botswana is home to the worlds largest diamond mine and its leaders are wary of over-dependence on a single industry. Their economic growth has raised them into the middle-income bracket, although there is still high unemployment and socioeconomic stratification. A significant challenge is the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a prevalence estimated at over 20 percent in adults, the third highest in the world.​Source: US Department of State Background Notes

Conflict Management Styles Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conflict Management Styles - Term Paper Example Additionally, this paper explains how conflict management relates to my effectiveness as a leader. An example of a conflict I have handled effectively involved a disagreement between two nurses. The two nurse had different views on how a certain case involving a patient could be handled. As each one of the nurse considered their contribution as superior, a verbal exchange arose. In handling this conflict, I encouraged the two nurses to collaborate in this case. In other words, I advised the two nurses to set their original suggestion regarding how the case would be handled aside and subsequently directed them to work together to decide on a common objective. The results to this approach were positive and in fact led to the overall improvement and advancement of the process of care within the health care institution. This collaboration ensured teamwork, encouraged communication, and hence nurses were overly motivated in their work. If such a conflict would arise for a second time, I would opt for the same approach to conflict management. However, there are ways or steps I would take in a bid to improve my comfort level and skill for managing in the future. One of the steps in engaging in dialogue or discussions with employees. Johansen (2012) brings forward the fact that "Nursing leaders and direct care nurses need to engage in dialogues that address conflict management behavior as a first step in creating a healthy work environment" (p. 52). Effective dialogues ensures conflicts are handled effectively as avoiding them would elevate stress levels among nurses as well as among other stakeholders. Secondly, I would ensure regular trainings and seminars where all employees would be trained on how to effectively manage conflicts within the workplace. Subsequently, it would also be important to identify potential conflict areas and implement strategies that would avert any conflicts from

Smart Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart Objectives - Essay Example The first and the foremost objective of the construction project manager is to deliver the project to the client within the deadline issued by the client to the contractor which is till the end of 2012, which can be achieved by keeping the workforce fully supplied with the required resources, boosting the workers’ productivity by keeping them motivated with rewards and emotional support, and getting the work approved by the consultant as soon as an activity finishes. The second objective of the construction project manager is to get the work done in the safest possible manner which can be achieved by developing the site safety system by hiring an experienced safety manager and his team immediately and providing them with full support and resources to help them develop and implement a site safety plan till the end of March, 2012. The third objective of the construction project manager is to make the workers produce quality work that exactly conforms to the standards of quality as stipulated in the contract documents which can be achieved by applying quality tests upon the material received on the site before it is approved for use, getting the work checked and approved by the consultant right after the completion of any activity, and developing and implementing a quality control system by hiring an experienced quality manager and his team to design and implement a quality plan till the end of March, 2012. The forth objective of the construction project manager is to keep the cost of project under control so that the cost of work can be minimized and the project can be made profitable for the contractor which can be achieved by purchasing all the required resources till the end of March, 2012 to avoid delays, and reducing the amount of rework by recruiting experienced and well trained workers till the end of March, 2012. The construction manager assumes myriad responsibilities on a construction project. Responsibilities of a construction project manager